tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14812870476904386622024-03-15T18:09:13.314-07:00Bible JunkiesMight As Well Face It: You're Addicted To TruthBible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.comBlogger395125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-17596519495085479122023-04-24T10:38:00.002-07:002023-04-24T10:38:33.448-07:00What Matters Most Podcast Sister Damien Marie Savino<p> <span data-offset-key="40qsb-0-0" style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: TwitterChirp, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Please listen to this episode of <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/a-conversation-with-sister-damien-marie-savino/id1650272494?i=1000610298154" target="_blank">What Matters Most with Sister Damien Marie Savino </a>of </span><span style="color: #1d9bf0; font-family: TwitterChirp, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.aquinas.edu/" target="_blank">Aquinas College</a></span></span><span data-offset-key="40qsb-2-0" style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: TwitterChirp, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; white-space: pre-wrap;">. We have a conversation about creation and nature, the revelatory power of creation, caring for creation, the sixth extinction, and <a href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html" target="_blank">Laudato Si'</a>. We also discuss "interior composting," what it is and why it is important, as well as whether Christianity is responsible for the current ecological crisis and what role people need to play in responding to this crisis. </span></p><div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="es22s" data-offset-key="ffb92-0-0" style="background-color: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: TwitterChirp, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ffb92-0-0" style="direction: ltr; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 2px; position: relative;"><span data-offset-key="ffb92-1-0"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiPIo8Hl9NuNquODdxM8Ql8Qd53w-gyGf0uF9ZHJjxXMY4tJsUZq2rSvwTb5FZcSc8E8xdag8v-37faqdwq9jCIi2xdF_sRbRXC957J5KqVbBCvQcRerCuk38kTW6eCbaoICD25JjB78PKnuuUe0Mls6vQppNlgeeBKhxhpiiyC281klJOpdSVcoFeZQ/s1500/CCE%20-%20WMM%20-%20Logo%20Square.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiPIo8Hl9NuNquODdxM8Ql8Qd53w-gyGf0uF9ZHJjxXMY4tJsUZq2rSvwTb5FZcSc8E8xdag8v-37faqdwq9jCIi2xdF_sRbRXC957J5KqVbBCvQcRerCuk38kTW6eCbaoICD25JjB78PKnuuUe0Mls6vQppNlgeeBKhxhpiiyC281klJOpdSVcoFeZQ/s320/CCE%20-%20WMM%20-%20Logo%20Square.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ffb92-0-0" style="direction: ltr; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 2px; position: relative;"><span data-offset-key="ffb92-1-0"><a href="https://www.aquinas.edu/posts/sister-damien-marie-savino-fse-phd" target="_blank">Sister Damien Marie Savino</a> is the Dean of Science and Sustainability at Aquinas College and a speaker at the upcoming <a href="https://popefrancis.stmarkscollege.ca/" target="_blank">Pope Francis and the Future of the Church: Prospects and Challenges for Renewal Conference</a> in Vancouver from May 4-6, 2023. This international conference will be examining a number of topics, including ecology, the role of women in the Church, the Church and indigenous peoples, and ecumenism. If you are in Vancouver or the Vancouver area, please join us for some or all of the conference. Ticket options are available if you go to the conference website and click on registrations. I hope to see you in Vancouver!</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ffb92-0-0" style="direction: ltr; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 2px; position: relative;"><span data-offset-key="ffb92-1-0"><br /></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ffb92-0-0" style="direction: ltr; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 2px; position: relative;"><span data-offset-key="ffb92-1-0">John W. Martens</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ffb92-0-0" style="direction: ltr; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 2px; position: relative;"><span data-offset-key="ffb92-1-0">jmartens@stmarkscollege.ca</span></div></div>Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0Vancouver, BC, Canada49.2827291 -123.1207375-27.659718694696707 96.254262499999982 90 17.504262499999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-89396804942228709682022-10-19T14:03:00.002-07:002022-10-20T11:54:29.393-07:00<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgulY2BViyeQdgmE2xU2ng693BTznsrjhUoT_D3qRNr45RoDD-g6QKDG8kkpCTwuhSQTMXVCtPur4b7mzMqoG4M6HttXXR1cbhLrMSfiVsM6qDbjqmX7bVI2owsIvNNdhXAjDTQVh-d4RIRi7xRT3hdC5bzWglBUp2B_7S8TuI7CSRcB8pLwV9pTV97ug/s1500/CCE%20-%20WMM%20-%20Logo%20Square.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgulY2BViyeQdgmE2xU2ng693BTznsrjhUoT_D3qRNr45RoDD-g6QKDG8kkpCTwuhSQTMXVCtPur4b7mzMqoG4M6HttXXR1cbhLrMSfiVsM6qDbjqmX7bVI2owsIvNNdhXAjDTQVh-d4RIRi7xRT3hdC5bzWglBUp2B_7S8TuI7CSRcB8pLwV9pTV97ug/s320/CCE%20-%20WMM%20-%20Logo%20Square.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /> Friends,<p></p><p>It has been a while since I have published anything new on the website and that has a lot to do with a new job, at St. Mark's College at the University of British Columbia, where I direct <a href="https://stmarkscollege.ca/about-us/centre-for-christian-engagement/" target="_blank">the Centre for Christian Engagement</a>, with moving back to Canada from Minnesota, and the reality of Covid-19, which hit just after I had surgery for lung cancer. I hope to begin and to finish the <a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html" target="_blank">Acts of the Apostles Commentary</a> series that I began years ago, but first I wanted to update you on some of the activities of the Centre. </p><p>We have a <a href="https://stmarkscollege.ca/sm-event/pope-francis-and-the-future-of-the-church-prospects-and-challenges-for-renewal/" target="_blank">Pope Francis Conference</a> coming on May 4-6, 2023. While the Call for Papers has closed, we cordially invite you to come to the conference if you are able. It will be a conference reflecting on the first 10 years of Francis's pontificate and we have numerous excellent speakers joining with us. </p><p>We had two recent events in September that dealt with issues of anti-Semitism in Christian biblical interpretation. The first was a panel discussion with Dr. Matthew Thiessen, Rabbi Dr. Laura Duhan-Kaplan, and myself. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/c0eSje5dSpw" width="320" youtube-src-id="c0eSje5dSpw"></iframe></div><br /><p></p><p>The second was a lecture by Dr. Thiessen on his wonderful book <a href="http://bakerpublishinggroup.com/books/jesus-and-the-forces-of-death/399984" target="_blank">Jesus and the Forces of Death</a>. It challenges stereotypes about the Jews of the Second Temple Period and locates Jesus as an observant Jew, particularly examining the purity/impurity regulations.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/axwvWr_gV8M" width="320" youtube-src-id="axwvWr_gV8M"></iframe></div><br /> <p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Finally, we have started a podcast at the Centre, <a href="https://sites.libsyn.com/434343/site?_ga=2.101589128.828688249.1666021886-1070928037.1665164746&_gac=1.262925182.1666040816.CjwKCAjw-rOaBhA9EiwAUkLV4osF4aL9fDV-wAC7c7tHzG8i4Phj4R6Rn45LIHxfRcJgRaHywHAJHRoC3GsQAvD_BwE" target="_blank">What Matters Most</a>, and the first two episodes are now available. The first is a conversation with Fr. Jim Martin and the second is a conversation with Michael W. Higgins, a noted Canadian Catholic academic, biographer, and journalist. <a href="https://sites.libsyn.com/434343/site?_ga=2.101589128.828688249.1666021886-1070928037.1665164746&_gac=1.262925182.1666040816.CjwKCAjw-rOaBhA9EiwAUkLV4osF4aL9fDV-wAC7c7tHzG8i4Phj4R6Rn45LIHxfRcJgRaHywHAJHRoC3GsQAvD_BwE" target="_blank">Check out the podcast here</a>. You can find the podcast on Apple podcasts at <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/what-matters-most/id1650272494" target="_blank">What Matters Most</a> and at Spotify at <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/3R2CTf01CumDoviObchEzB" target="_blank">What Matters Most</a>. And do feel free to rate and review if you enjoy the podcast!</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Please join us at all of these sites and ventures and feel free to contact me at jmartens@stmarkscollege.ca. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W.
Martens<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US">I invite you to follow me on Twitter </span></i><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US">I encourage you to “Like” Biblejunkies
on </span></i><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies"><i>Facebook</i></a><i>.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><br /><p></p>Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-63086377727185673012017-12-10T08:47:00.000-08:002017-12-10T08:55:31.924-08:00Pope Francis Wants to Change the Translation of the Lord’s Prayer (and he’s right)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIjTw2upIPd6FtbRfdXSJQJXnaD8-flcdb2IJ5VaxoUwRD2OnNqDoz4sRK3-QKrho2nuPmxa6JUt6_T_nqZl6sexaAVaJAZZ7o7FftFKjo3Z-QtoK5YvCGV38L1Kk4d1Cvr3_cLJYPSDxl/s1600/PopeFrancis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="186" data-original-width="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIjTw2upIPd6FtbRfdXSJQJXnaD8-flcdb2IJ5VaxoUwRD2OnNqDoz4sRK3-QKrho2nuPmxa6JUt6_T_nqZl6sexaAVaJAZZ7o7FftFKjo3Z-QtoK5YvCGV38L1Kk4d1Cvr3_cLJYPSDxl/s1600/PopeFrancis.jpg" /></a></div>
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mso-para-margin-left:0in;
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<![endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">A Pope’s not right about
everything, and with Pope Francis, numerous Catholics will tell you he is not
right about much. But I think he has been right on most issues and <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/12/08/569385769/pope-francis-suggests-changing-the-words-to-lord-s-prayer">with
respect to the translation of the Lord’s Prayer he is right to want to change
the translation</a>. He probably does not go far enough with what he wants to
change, but it is a start. My comments on why I think Pope Francis’s plea is
correct and why they ought to influence translation of the Lord’s Prayer are dependent almost entirely by a few pages from my late teacher’s last
book. Ben F. Meyer’s <i><a href="https://wipfandstock.com/reality-and-illusion-in-new-testament-scholarship.html">Reality
and Illusion in New Testament Scholarship</a></i> is a tour de force on the
process of critical realist interpretation, and pages 8-13 offer a
reconstruction of the Lord’s Prayer. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The issue that Pope Francis has
identified is the Greek word <i>peirasmos</i>, which means something like test
or trial or, even better, ordeal, especially in an eschatological context. The
fact that <i>peirasmos </i>so often occurs in an eschatological context gives
us clues as to the meaning and subsequent translation of the whole prayer. It
also alerts us to another translation issue, not touched upon yet by Pope
Francis, and that is the Greek word <i>epiousios</i>. It is a difficult word to
translate, but it has come to us as “daily,” which is most likely incorrect.
Chances are it refers not to “today,” but “tomorrow.”</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">So, I will offer an entire
translation of the prayer from Matthew 6:9-13 and then make arguments for the
changes from the common English translations following this:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">9 Our father, who is in heaven</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Holy is your name.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">10 Let your reign come,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Let your will be done,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As in heaven, so on the earth.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">11 Our bread of tomorrow, give us
today.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">12 And forgive us our debts,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As we forgive those who are
indebted to us.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">13 And do not let us crack at the
time of the ordeal,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">But deliver us from the evil one.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Some of the changes proposed in
my translation are not all that significant and reflect literal
renderings that are perhaps not worth replacing the tried and true English translations
of the prayer. Simply on poetic terms “thy Kingdom come” might be preferred to “let
your reign come” in verse 10 for instance.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">But <i>epiousios</i> in
verse 11 is a change that must be reckoned with. Jerome himself offered in
Latin <i>panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie</i>, which is “our daily bread
give us today.” Meyer notes though that Jerome himself stated “that the Aramaic
gospel of the Nazoreans had, for <i>epiousios</i>, the word<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> ma</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ḥ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ar</span></i>,
“tomorrow.” That orients us toward <i>epiemi</i>/<i>epienai </i>from the root
“come” rather than toward <i>epeimi</i>/<i>epienai </i>from the root “be.” (<i>RINTS
</i>12). After further discussion on the grammar of similar phrases, Meyer
concludes that “on this basis <i>epiousios </i>means “pertaining to
tomorrow/the future”; and the text should have been rendered <i>panem nostrum
crastinum da nobis hodie</i>, “our bread of tomorrow give us today” (<i>RINTS </i>12).
The original meaning of the bread petition, therefore, was concerned with the
“bread of tomorrow," reflecting not ordinary bread, or even the spiritual bread
of the Eucharist, but with the Messianic banquet at the end of time (see
Matthew 8:11; Luke 13:28-29). </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This alerts us that the whole
prayer is connected with the establishment of God’s kingdom at the time of the
end. If God’s will is being done on earth as in heaven, God’s reign has been
established. So there are not just two future oriented pleas: let your kingdom
come (when? Now!); let your will be done (when? Now!), but the petition for
bread fits with the future orientation: give us the Messianic bread (when?
Now!)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The reason it is important to get
<i>epiousios </i>right is that it orients the whole prayer to the eschaton. In
preparation for the coming end, forgive us our debts, as we forgive the
debts of those who owe us. And the final petition is not about God
leading us into temptation, but preserving us during the eschatological ordeal,
the <i>peirasmos</i>, which precedes the coming of God’s kingdom and the
Messianic banquet. One passage from Mark’s Gospel gives us a sense of the
traditional understanding of the time of the end as found in the post-exilic
prophets and Jewish (and Christian) apocalyptic literature. It includes not
just the horrible ordeal of the last days, but the hope that God is watching
out for those caught up in the trials of the end times so that they may get through
it:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">19 </span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">For in those days there will be
suffering, such as has not been from the beginning of the creation that God
created until now, no, and never will be. <sup>20 </sup>And if the Lord had not
cut short those days, no one would be saved; but for the sake of the elect,
whom he chose, he has cut short those days. (Mark 13:19-20)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The final petition then asks that
God save those under stress at the time of the end and deliver them safe from
the evil one. It is possible, of course, to translate <i>poneros </i>as “evil” in
general, but the “evil one” is strong possibility here. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">What is needed though is more
evidence regarding the petition containing <i>peirasmos</i>. Even if
“temptation” is not the proper word to translate <i>peirasmos</i>, and there is
enough evidence to translate <i>peirasmos </i>as “ordeal” or “trial” and even
to understand it as “eschatological ordeal,” is there enough evidence to read
the whole petition as “do not let us crack at the time of the ordeal”? The whole
phrase here is <i>mē eisenegkēs hēmas eis peirasmon </i>and I rely here again
on the research of Ben F. Meyer to understand the force of the verb in this
context. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Meyer does not reject that God
may put someone to the test, but follows James 1:13-14 in “his explicit denial
that God entices to sin” (<i>RINTS </i>9). That is, God desires steadfastness
in testing. Yet, Meyer was also not satisfied with translations that abandon
“temptation,” but offer “subject us not to the trial” (NAB), “and do not put us
to the test” (NJB), or “and do not bring us to the test” (NEB) (<i>RINTS </i>9),
which are similar to what the Pope is suggesting.. Why? “There is also a
countercurrent {in the NT and early Christianity} to the effect that trials and
ordeals are inescapably part of our lot as human beings” (<i>RINTS </i>10).
Meyer does not suggest that the above three translations, and others like them,
are thereby proven wrong, but “it nevertheless does offer grounds for doubt” (<i>RINTS</i>
10). </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Meyer’s suggestion takes insight
from a Jewish prayer found in the later Babylonian Talmud Berakoth 60b,
which he understands as a parallel to the petition in the Lord’s Prayer. He
writes,</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“In morning and evening prayers
that may well go back to the time of Jesus, we find:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lead me/my foot not into the hands (=power) of sin,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">And bring me not into the hands (=power) of guilt,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">And not into the hands (=power) of temptation/trial(s),</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">And not into the hands (=power) of anything shameful.” (<i>RINTS </i>10).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Meyer says that there are
four elements in this prayer that “run parallel to the Our Father petition
under consideration: (1) the negative formulation, “Lead...not”; (2) the word
“lead” (in the Jewish prayer, this is the causative (<i>hiphil</i>) of “to go”;
(3) the expression “into”; (4) the series “sin, guilt, temptation, and anything
shameful.” (<i>RINTS </i>10). In this prayer from bBer 60b, Meyer says that
there is clarity in that “the petitioner calls on God to keep him clear of the
power of sin, guilt, etc., that is, <i>to keep him from sinning</i>” (<i>RINTS </i>11).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This gives us parallels argues
Meyer for the Greek phrases <i>mē eisenegkēs hēmas </i>(“lead us not”) and <i>eis
peirasmon </i>(“into temptation”). The first phrase, he believes should be
translated, “reflecting the Aramaic causative,” as “do not allow...to go,” and
the second phrase as “into the hands (=power) of temptation/the test” (<i>RINTS
</i>11). He suggests that “the sense of the last petition of the Our Father,
therefore, is not “save us from being put to the test!” but “save us from
cracking under pressure of the test!” It is a petition that God save us not
from being tested, but from ourselves, from our own weakness, our liability to
fall into sin under pressure. If, as is probable, the <i>peirasmos</i> (at
least originally) referred to the eschatological ordeal, the petition is that
God keep us from falling away, from committing apostasy under pressure of
persecution” (<i>RINTS </i>11).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meyer then offers four possible translations
of the final Our Father petition:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“And keep us from falling when tested”;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“And make us stand firm in (our) trials”;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“And do not let us fall victim to the ordeal”;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“And do not let us crack under pressure”. (<i>RINTS
</i>11).</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I have combined 3. and 4. in my
suggestion above, keeping the negative formulation of the Greek and the
original, as I believe, eschatological context: “And do not let us crack at the
time of the ordeal.” It is possible that something simpler or more
straightforward like “And do not let us fall during the ordeal” captures the
original petition more clearly. But what is certainly clear is that “Lead us
not into temptation” and even the better “And do not bring us to the time of
trial” (NRSV) are missing the original force of the petition. The Pope is right
to desire changes in the translation. I highly recommend to him, and to all, Ben
F. Meyer’s final book <i>Reality and Illusion in New Testament Scholarship: A
Primer in Critical Realist Scholarship</i> (Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical
Press, 1995) not just for these few pages, but for his numerous insights into
the practice and theory of interpretation. After all, like Pope Francis, Meyer
was trained as a Jesuit and, like Meyer, usually right. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
John W. Martens</span></div>
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Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-5431709152959384072017-07-06T12:02:00.000-07:002017-07-06T12:04:42.908-07:00Hobby Lobby and Looted Antiquities<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOsCHSQeKLUzNqBzY4vT-5fDg1QPEAtPrOSFxKmyZNtAXZYi-m3YAdFBwK1yUnQvvAm1RwM-goc3ysM2cT-K3wagi8t4-aQWgrVxJT2Qk3D9006d_TRg5TdQ4U4LEKgTEpqO5NTcgraCg/s1600/Slide034.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOsCHSQeKLUzNqBzY4vT-5fDg1QPEAtPrOSFxKmyZNtAXZYi-m3YAdFBwK1yUnQvvAm1RwM-goc3ysM2cT-K3wagi8t4-aQWgrVxJT2Qk3D9006d_TRg5TdQ4U4LEKgTEpqO5NTcgraCg/s400/Slide034.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rendering of the Museum of the Bible. From museumofthebible.org</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Yesterday, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/nyregion/hobby-lobby-artifacts-smuggle-iraq.html">news emerged </a>that the Hobby Lobby had been hit with a civil complain from federal prosecutors for the improper acquisition of ancient antiquities. The Green family who owns Hobby Lobby, and the company's president, Steve Green, are the force behind the soon-to-open, <a href="https://www.museumofthebible.org/fact-sheet-museum-bible">$500</a> million <a href="https://www.museumofthebible.org/">Museum of the Bible</a> in Washington DC. As I have previously posted, <a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2013/10/the-illegal-antiquities-trade-weakens.html">the illegal antiquities t</a><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2013/10/the-illegal-antiquities-trade-weakens.html">rade weakens biblical scholarship</a>. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKQ5DPtzdG2USJC1KUlhovX9bQfpOmDCLHKEI3yy1-B_WPfjVmwV6gL3j1zfYmZxf4sVqwl-9sDMit8guElzZ5UY47ey8DWzOKbEFMlmaDJTtnds5s_6MHdBin7keO8D2l7VSiOAC3NOM/s1600/umma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="538" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKQ5DPtzdG2USJC1KUlhovX9bQfpOmDCLHKEI3yy1-B_WPfjVmwV6gL3j1zfYmZxf4sVqwl-9sDMit8guElzZ5UY47ey8DWzOKbEFMlmaDJTtnds5s_6MHdBin7keO8D2l7VSiOAC3NOM/s320/umma.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looters' pits at Umma. Wikimedia</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">So it is particularly distressing that a family and organization who professes such concern for biblical scholarship is not more thoughtful and concerned about the origin of their antiquities. Not only is the provenance and archaeological significance of an object lost when it is laundered for illegal sale, looters destroy archaeological sites, such as this one in Umma, Iraq. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">While this may be the first time that many people have heard of the Museum of the Bible, concerns about the Green family's fast-paced acquisition of thousands of artifacts has been noticed. This has been previously reported (an odd phrase when referring to biblical scholars) in the <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/exclusive-feds-investigate-hobby-lobby-boss-for-illicit-artifacts">Daily Beast</a> and <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/01/can-hobby-lobby-buy-the-bible/419088/">The Atlantic </a>by <a href="http://theology.nd.edu/people/faculty/candida-r-moss/">Candida Moss</a> (Notre Dame) and <a href="http://divinity.yale.edu/faculty-and-research/yds-faculty/joel-s-baden">Joel Baden</a> (Yale). Presumably this is also well-documented in their upcoming book <a href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/11085.html">Bible Nation: The United States of Hobby Lobby</a> (10/17).</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZspCmVpinSpMD7nQ4MW-daOOQKkywyol3c4C-GLEGiOnF-sivprr06GWlFYrxmfAWNlLDfKEhAD3Z5MFosGoPdC3yK_PrzgSUOYsToyu8Bd_bbXp-dSvX6m-t9WqzUEp2FBzonkyBSRA/s1600/screen.complaint.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="1220" height="347" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZspCmVpinSpMD7nQ4MW-daOOQKkywyol3c4C-GLEGiOnF-sivprr06GWlFYrxmfAWNlLDfKEhAD3Z5MFosGoPdC3yK_PrzgSUOYsToyu8Bd_bbXp-dSvX6m-t9WqzUEp2FBzonkyBSRA/s400/screen.complaint.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">According to the <a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/press-release/file/978096/download">civil complaint posted on the Department of Justice website,</a> the Green family began to search for antiquities related to the Bible in 2009-10. They had arranged to by several thousand artifacts through Israeli and UAE dealers, although they met in the UAE. At the meeting, Steve Green examined thousands of artifacts. "The contemplated sale included 5,548 distinct artifacts: 1,500 cuneiform tablets, 500 cuneiform bricks, 3,000 clay bullae, 35 clay envelope seals, 13 extra-large cuneiform tablets and 500 stone cylinder seals." (pg 8) A consultant told him that the "offering price for the Artifacts was $2,091,000.00 and that while he believed they could be appraised at $11,820,000, he believed Hobby Lobby could negotiate to purchase them for $1,600,000.00. (pg 10). This is absolutely astounding reduction of nearly 90%. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In response to the complaint, Hobby Lobby has agreed to give up the items (450 tablets and 3000 bullae) plus pay a fine of $3 million. Summaries of the details can be found many outlets, including the <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/07/hobby-lobby-smuggled-thousands-of-ancient-artifacts-out-of-iraq/532743/">Atlantic</a>.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">As always, Twitter was quick to react and there are a couple themes that I thought were of consequence. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">First, some were calling on the Society of Biblical Literature to make a statement regarding this recent development. SBL ha<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">s, to my knowl<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">e<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">dge,</span></span></span> previously remained silent when worries were expressed about the Museum's lack of concern regarding the provenance of its antiquities. I am interested to see if the guild does in fact make a statement, as they clearly should. They do have a statement, <a href="https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/SBL-Artifacts-Policy_20160903.pdf">SBL Policy on Scholarly Presentation and Publication of Ancient Artifacts</a>, regarding the proper acquisition and concern for provenance when introducing new artifacts at a conference. <a href="http://www.asortest.org/initiatives-projects/asor-affiliated-archaeological-projects/standards-policies/asor-policy-on-preservation-and-protection-of-archaeological-resources/">ASOR has a similar policy</a>. </span></span><br />
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As a 27 yr member of the Society, I call on <a href="https://twitter.com/SBLsite">@SBLsite</a> for statement on <a href="https://twitter.com/HobbyLobby">@HobbyLobby</a> smuggling of ANE artifacts.</div>
— Thomas Bolin (@scaevola67) <a href="https://twitter.com/scaevola67/status/882761947166498818">July 6, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Many other tweeters have utilized hashtags (#HobbyLobbyIsis) or made comments making the connection between illicit antiquities and the funding of terrorism. As far as the ISIS connection, we do have to note the chronology of the events. ISIS was not yet in its current form in 2010, while Steve Green was examining these artifacts. This does not, however, mean that this money did not find its way to fund terrorism. The looting of antiquities has, alongside other smuggling operations, provided funds to terrorist organizations and those who support them. This was already well-known in the field of antiquities and had been reported in both academic (e.g. Bowman 2008; Nemeth 2008, 2010) and popular publications (e.g. Boser, 2010). In fact, as early as 2005 it was reported that 9/11 conspirators were attempting to sell antiquities to fund their time in the US, including flying lessons!<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> “Like the Taliban in Afghanistan who have learned to finance their activities through opium, insurgents in Iraq have discovered a new source of income in Iraq's cash crop: antiquities.” (Bogdanos, 2007)</span></span></span><br />
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I'm usually discrete, but I worked on what you're all enjoying as <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/HobbyLobbyIsISIS?src=hash">#HobbyLobbyIsISIS</a> since 2012. And I'm key in other investigations so ... 💅 <a href="https://t.co/SOYBWIemPO">https://t.co/SOYBWIemPO</a></div>
— Dorothy Lobel King (@DorothyKing) <a href="https://twitter.com/DorothyKing/status/882939895844663296">July 6, 2017</a></blockquote>
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remember yesterday when we found out Hobby Lobby is funding ISIS</div>
— Brandy Jensen (@BrandyLJensen) <a href="https://twitter.com/BrandyLJensen/status/882948031712284677">July 6, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">One final reaction on Twitter has been to call out the hypocrisy of the owners of Hobby Lobby. Many of those who don’t shop there would not have heard of this store were it not for the US Supreme Court case <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc.">Burwell vs. Hobby Lobby</a>. </span></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3-3VFzT3-0fZBhNA2xKC-id5Lkjy02MntppOeXshyphenhyphenxl0od-FXteqmog1AGBOjukl36feKZ3mPkg0SpPqCSUlNg4fRpEUnOiGaNVj89Vf7Uv_W8pl2QuxrFiQir9Yl8uiPmItKZ1vM580/s1600/romney.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3-3VFzT3-0fZBhNA2xKC-id5Lkjy02MntppOeXshyphenhyphenxl0od-FXteqmog1AGBOjukl36feKZ3mPkg0SpPqCSUlNg4fRpEUnOiGaNVj89Vf7Uv_W8pl2QuxrFiQir9Yl8uiPmItKZ1vM580/s320/romney.jpeg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This was a very important case in response to the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) in which Hobby Lobby argued that the contraceptive mandate violated their firmly held religious beliefs. This was particularly important because it was the first time that a for-profit corporation was recognized as having a religious belief. The argument was summed up by presidential candidate Mitt Romney. </span></span><br />
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Hobby Lobby: going to the Supreme Court to oppress women at home, funding ISIS abroad. Maybe purchase your buttons and yarn elsewhere?</div>
— Jill Filipovic (@JillFilipovic) <a href="https://twitter.com/JillFilipovic/status/882846078084820992">July 6, 2017</a></blockquote>
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Hobby Lobby's “strong Christian values” can't pay for workers’ contraception but can totally loot Iraq & fund ISIS. <a href="https://t.co/WujSuXuv1N">https://t.co/WujSuXuv1N</a></div>
— shauna (@goldengateblond) <a href="https://twitter.com/goldengateblond/status/882748717370974208">July 5, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It appears as though there are not going to be any criminal charges because of all of this. The New York Times reported that a statement from Steve Green said that Hobby Lobby was “new to the world of acquiring these items, and did not fully appreciate the complexities of the acquisitions process.” This does not seem satisfactory. At $4 billion a year, Hobby Lobby has the money to find the right people. However, even that might not have mattered. The civil complaint notes that an unnamed expert warned Hobby Lobby about the risks: </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">"I would regard the acquisition of any artifact likely from Iraq (which could be described as Mesopotamian, Assyrian, Akkadian, Sumerian, Babylonian, Parthian, Sassanian and possibly other historic or cultural terms) as carrying considerable risk. An estimated 200-500,000 objects have been looted from archaeological sites in Iraq since the early 1990s; particularly popular on the market and likely to have been looted are cylinder seals, cuneiform tablets... " (pp 10-11)</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Beyond ignoring this advice, Green did not meet with owners, was unconcerned with conflicting accounts of provenance, paid out the money to many accounts, and had the items shipped under false labels to various Hobby Lobby stores throughout the country. When one considered all these red flags along with the fact that the dealers were satisfied with receiving just 13% of the value, a successful business person should have known to ask questions, if he was so inclined. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Isaac M. Alderman</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Follow me on Twitter <a href="https://twitter.com/isaacalderman">@isaacalderman</a></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Follow Bible Junkies on Twitter <a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies">@Biblejunkies</a></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Bibliography: </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Bogdanos, Matthew. "Thieves of Baghdad: combating global traffic in stolen Iraqi antiquities." Fordham Int'l LJ 31 (2007): 725-740</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ulrich Boser, 3/17/2010 Forbes “No Justice for stolen art” https://www.forbes.com/2010/03/17/art-theft-museums-terrorism-opinions-contributors-ulrich-boser.html</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Bowman, Blythe A. "Transnational crimes against culture: looting at archaeological sites and the “grey” market in antiquities." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 24.3 (2008): 225-242.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nemeth, Erik. "Art-Intelligence Programs: The Relevance of the Clandestine Art World to Foreign Intelligence." International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 21.2 (2008): 355-374.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nemeth, Erik. "Market Value of Culture: Quantifying the Risk of Antiquities Looting." (2010).</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>Isaac M. Aldermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10282951886480508721noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-45783080971591724232017-06-27T05:13:00.001-07:002017-06-27T05:13:53.753-07:00The "Neo-Pagans" of the Christian Right <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Oppressing the poor in
order to enrich oneself, and giving to the rich, will lead only to loss.”
Proverbs 22:16</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“A ruler who oppresses
the poor is a beating rain that leaves no food.” Proverbs 28:3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“The righteous care
about justice for the poor, but the wicked have no such concern.” Proverbs 29:7</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Speak up and judge
fairly; defend the rights of the poor and needy.” Proverbs 31:9</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjovOzrdpVXXAQmyaZTLihgRFgGihiMoeCPPpHLPW9NyYR-euEE_Vu4zl0dZVY517Wl61XjAKp_6-OJRwgxG7RIahluAW5JrytkoDjw69Gds0cMnsSSy3GdWiu3oeSruH4O7FFOw7BsLGnS/s1600/IMG_1735.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjovOzrdpVXXAQmyaZTLihgRFgGihiMoeCPPpHLPW9NyYR-euEE_Vu4zl0dZVY517Wl61XjAKp_6-OJRwgxG7RIahluAW5JrytkoDjw69Gds0cMnsSSy3GdWiu3oeSruH4O7FFOw7BsLGnS/s320/IMG_1735.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo taken by John W. Martens</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is a constant
refrain that is heard in conservative Christian circles in the US (and perhaps
the Western world in general) that we are in a “post-Christian” or “neo-pagan” or
“neo-barbarian” culture. In fact, this seems to be the major motivating factor
behind Rod Dreher’s <i>The Benedict Option</i> – it is time for Christians to
retreat and create intentional Christian communities since the public square is
both antithetical to Christianity and hostile to Christians. <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>I do not want to judge the overall
validity of these claims here –since I am not convinced that a culture made up
of a majority of Christians is hostile to Christianity, but rather might just be tired
of a moralistic pseudo-Christianity – but I do think there is some truth to claims
that we are living in a “neo-barbarian” or “neo-pagan” society. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Usually when these
claims are made, however, the blame is cast at what is called in the US the
“left” or “progressives” or “liberals,” whether associated with liberal churches
or secular political parties or people with such personal liberal leanings.
Such charges have not generally been leveled against the “Christian Right” in
the US, which has been a major oversight, since the healthcare bill winding its
way through the Senate now (having already been through the House) is a
specific example of neo-barbarianism or neo-paganism from the Christian political
Right.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is improper really
to speak about “paganism” as such, since it is a term that encompasses many ancient
Greco-Roman religions and philosophies, and might also include modern versions of paganism,
and does not tell us much of anything. I am not using it to refer to ancient Greco-Roman
thought in general or modern varieties of paganism, whatever might be meant by
the use of that term. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It think it is useful,
though, to use the term “neo-paganism” to explore one strain of Greco-Roman thought
and religion which was a fatalism about one's lot, as encapsulated by a belief
that our lives were governed by fate (<i>moira</i>, <i>tych</i></span><i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ē</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, the whims and
caprice of the gods, or even that which transcended the gods) and there was not
much you could do about your fate but accept it. This seems to be the dominant
paradigm by which Christians such as Paul Ryan (Catholic) and Mitch McConnell
(Baptist) have created the healthcare bill which may soon become law: if you
have had the bad fortune to be born poor or born with chronic and demanding
health problems, your fate is to suffer. There will be no help for you. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">With almost
22 million set to lose healthcare in the near future, according to the non-partisan
CBO, the position the post-Christian, neo-pagans of the Republican party
have taken is that your lot is due to the whims of the gods of health and
wealth. If you have neither the fortune of health nor wealth, you clearly deserve neither.
This sense of unrelenting fate which determines one’s place in life is not
Jewish or Christian, but it is well-represented throughout Greek history. Fate,
of course, is not entirely negative, at least for those who are blessed by the
gods. But that is the point: you take what the gods give you and no one can
alter their fate. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">I will use
the dramatist Euripides as an example of this strain of thought, but one could
choose from innumerable Greek or Roman examples. Euripides writes: “Look upon us. Whoever is
noble among mortals will bear the calamities sent by the gods and not repudiate
them” (My Translation; <i>The Madness of Hercules</i>, 1227-29).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Arthur Ways’ far more poetic translation
of this passage than mine, he writes, “who of men is royal-souled beareth the
blows of heaven, and flincheth not.” </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> “Flincheth not,” this is our starting point. You
take what you are given. You cannot "repudiate" what the gods have sent you! Accept your lot. Take it
without complaint, for these are the blows the gods have given us. Among
mortals, Euripides makes clear, you can be certain that the “blows of heaven”
will fall. It might arise from actions which infuriate the gods, it might arise
from divine capriciousness, it might simply be your fate, beyond the actions of
the gods, but these blows will fall. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Euripides represents a
type of Greek thought in which the primary ethical arbiter is the caprice of the gods, who do what they will when they will; and who are
filled with the same motivations as humans. Hercules’ wife Megara, awaiting her
death and those of her children at the hands of the usurper Lycus says, “So,
even, nothing (concerning the ways) of the gods is clear to human beings” (</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Madness of Hercules</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, 62). Why is she marked for death by fate? She
recounts that “I was not banished from (good) fortune (<i>tychês</i>) through
my father” (</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
Madness of Hercules</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, 63). So
what has brought her to this place of doom? The goddess Hera has decreed that
she and her children will die at the hands of their father Hercules. It is
this fate, this necessity, which one must pay, though one does not necessarily know
why it must be or when the terms of the payment are due, which leads to an
overwhelming sense of helplessness. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hera’s hatred of
Hercules knows no bounds; Megara and her sons are caught up in his fate. What
is in the past is past: “fate (<i>tychê</i>) has substituted your brides and
given to you instead Maidens of Doom to have” (</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Madness of Hercules</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, 480-81), says Megara to her sons. But why?
The chorus cries out, “But now there is no boundary of the gods which makes
clear good and bad” (</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
Madness of Hercules</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, 669-670).
This is precisely the problem: who knows why we suffer what we do? It is just
our fate to accept the decree of the gods. If you are poor, too bad! If you are
born sick, face your fate! If you are wealthy and powerful, the gods have
smiled on you! It is not in our power as human beings to change the decrees of
the gods and we have no idea, really, why they have decreed what they do. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The cruelty of fate
seems to be the only reason I can see motivating the recent iterations of the
Republican healthcare bills in which healthcare will be taken from the poor,
the disabled, and many others. It boils down to this: Some people have been
chosen to be poor and sick and there is nothing we can or should do to help
them. They are simply not as loved by the gods as are those who have been
chosen to be wealthy and well. Not all lives are of equal worth in this
equation. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The view of the Jews, adopted
by the Christians, is different, not just in terms of why people are poor or
suffering (it is not usually a matter of personal blame, though God might play
some role in it, such as punishment or pedagogy), but how to respond to it (the
task for Jews and Christians is to care for the powerless because they are
especially loved by God). Regardless of their situation here on earth, God
values all human beings as equally worthwhile. The providence of the one, true living
God guides all things, without question, but there is a major difference
between this and the fatalism of fortune: God cares for the poor and the weak
and it is the task of the rich and powerful to care for the poor and weak. Even
kings need to listen to God's prophetic word.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>You also never ought to imagine that the poor and the weak are not blessed!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Throughout the Hebrew
Bible, God’s care and love for the poor and disenfranchised is made evident. A
few passages (NRSV) will be listed here, though hundreds more - no exaggeration - could be offered:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Deuteronomy 15:7-8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">If in any of the towns
in the land that the Lord your God is giving you there is a
fellow-Israelite in need, then do not be selfish and refuse to help him.
Instead, be generous and lend him as much as he needs.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Psalm 69:30-33</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">30 </span></sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I will praise the name of God with a song;<br />
I will magnify him with thanksgiving.<br />
<sup>31 </sup>This will please the Lord more than an ox<br />
or a bull with horns and hoofs.<br />
<sup>32 </sup>Let the oppressed see it and be glad;<br />
you who seek God, let your hearts revive.<br />
<sup>33 </sup>For the Lord hears the needy,<br />
and does not despise his own that are in bonds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Psalm 140:12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">12 </span></sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I know that the Lord maintains the cause of the
needy,<br />
and executes justice for the poor.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Proverbs 13:23</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">23 </span></sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The field of the poor may yield much food,<br />
but it is swept away through injustice. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proverbs 22:22-23</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">22 </span></sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Do not rob the poor because they are poor,<br />
or crush the afflicted at the gate;<br />
<sup>23 </sup>for the Lord pleads their cause<br />
and despoils of life those who despoil them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Amos 5:21-24</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">21 </span></sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I hate, I despise your festivals,<br />
and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies.<br />
<sup>22 </sup>Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain
offerings,<br />
I will not accept them;<br />
and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals<br />
I will not look upon.<br />
<sup>23 </sup>Take away from me the noise of your songs;<br />
I will not listen to the melody of your harps.<br />
<sup>24 </sup>But let justice roll down like waters,<br />
and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Isaiah 1:17</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">17 </span></sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">learn to do good;<br />
seek justice,<br />
rescue the oppressed,<br />
defend the orphan,<br />
plead for the widow.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jeremiah 22:3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3 </span></sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Thus says the Lord: Act with justice and
righteousness, and deliver from the hand of the oppressor anyone who has been
robbed. And do no wrong or violence to the alien, the orphan, and the widow, or
shed innocent blood in this place.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Micah 6:8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8 </span></sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">He has told you, O mortal, what is good;<br />
and what does the Lord require of you<br />
but to do justice, and to love kindness,<br />
and to walk humbly with your God?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jesus’ own teaching
adopts these views of Judaism regarding the poor and the powerless. We see this especially in the Beatitudes of Luke 6, where Jesus
said,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">20 </span></sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Blessed are you who are poor,<br />
for yours is the kingdom of God.<br />
<sup>21 </sup>“Blessed are you who are hungry now,<br />
for you will be filled.<br />
“Blessed are you who weep now,<br />
for you will laugh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Luke also has the Woes
for the rich, since, as Jesus says in Matthew 6:24 and Luke 16:13:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">13 </span></sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">No slave can serve two masters; for a slave
will either hate the one and love the other, or be devoted to the one and
despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth.”</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Riches come to be seen
not inherently as blessings but as a danger, with the ability to block the wealthy
from love of God and love of neighbor. The story of the Rich Man and Lazarus in
Luke 16:19-31 places in narrative form the warning in Luke 16:13.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jesus interpreted his entire ministry in
light of his care for those who were the neediest, saying in Luke 4:18-19</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">18 </span></sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me,<br />
because he has anointed me<br />
to bring good news to the poor.<br />
He has sent me to proclaim release to the captives<br />
and recovery of sight to the blind,<br />
to let the oppressed go free,<br />
<sup>19 </sup>to proclaim the year of the Lord’s favor.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This concern for the
poor and those in need runs throughout the whole of the New Testament tradition.
The Apostle Paul says in Romans 12:13, “Contribute to the needs of the saints;
extend hospitality to strangers.” In his letter to the Philippians 2:3-4, Paul states,
“<sup>3 </sup>Do nothing from selfish ambition or conceit, but in humility
regard others as better than yourselves. <sup>4 </sup>Let each of you look
not to your own interests, but to the interests of others.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The letter of James
excoriates those Christians who believe that faith excuses them from acting on
the part of the poor: “<sup>15 </sup>If a brother or sister is naked and
lacks daily food, <sup>16 </sup>and one of you says to them, ‘Go in peace;
keep warm and eat your fill,’ and yet you do not supply their bodily needs,
what is the good of that?” (James 2:15-16). Finally, the first letter of John
asks, “<sup>17 </sup>How does God’s love abide in anyone who has the
world’s goods and sees a brother or sister in need and yet refuses help?” (1
John 3:17).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">What we see in the Republican
healthcare bill is the antithesis of Jewish and Christian teaching about the poor. It is,
I would argue, an adoption of fatalistic beliefs about the poor which once
reigned in Greco-Roman thought. I would encapsulate it in this way: “everyone gets
what they deserve, even if we do not know why; if some are fated to poverty
and uselessness, and some to wealth and power, so be it. The poor are not worth as
much as those who have much and so they deserve much less.” There is no way to
make Christian sense of a bill that cuts millions of people, literally
millions, from healthcare to give tax breaks to the wealthy. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This rejection of
Christian and Jewish teaching is profound, especially since the healthcare bill
is written by people who are purported to be Christians (and I take them at
their word). The bill suggests that there is a class of people who are no
longer loved or valuable in God's eyes. I can only see this as an adoption of
one particular type of divine fatalism found in ancient pagan thought: only
those with wealth and power are blessed and loved by the gods. The poor are
useless, abandoned by the gods.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Instead of adopting
the Christian attitude that “from everyone to whom much has been given, much
will be required; and from the one to whom much has been entrusted, even more
will be demanded” (Luke 12:48), the neo-pagan belief driving the Republican
healthcare bill is rather that those who have a lot deserve it and those who have
nothing deserve nothing. Once one rejects the value of every human life, as this
healthcare bill does, it becomes possible to extend such anti-life views in
every direction. If we regard the weak and the poor as not worthy of healthcare,
it becomes possible to extend this belief to those of a different religion,
color, or ethnicity, who are seen (and treated) as inherently less valuable. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Republican
healthcare bill makes it clear that people are no longer valuable in themselves,
simply as human beings loved by God, but only for the monetary value they hold.
But at various times in our lives, any of us at any time could be what Jesus
calls one of the “little ones,” in need of support and care, such as polio
treatment, in need of primary healthcare, due to accident, gunshot wound, or disease, in need
of food, shelter and medicine. This healthcare bill is a turning point for the
Christian Right in the US for it clearly demonstrates that it has rejected the equality
of all life, which is a rejection of God's love of all humanity, and turned to
a neo-pagan belief that fate has chosen and the gods have decreed. The
Christian Right in the US, to the extent that they choose to defend this
healthcare bill, have chosen death over life, the gods over God, the maws of
Moloch over God's love for all humanity. The barbarians are not at the gates; they are inside the building, shutting out the poor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">John W. Martens</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I invite you to follow me on Twitter </i><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a></div>
<i>I encourage you to “Like” Biblejunkies on </i><a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies"><i>Facebook</i></a><i>.</i></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Arthur Ways, <i>Euripides. Vol. III</i>
(London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1912)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>229. All translations of Euripides, unless otherwise noted, are from
this volume and others in the Loeb series.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-9378353901211459112017-06-17T05:34:00.002-07:002017-07-06T08:26:18.028-07:00Threats Against Academics<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGJhfQANVO3mbOWW73od3dm5ElKE_FwjwEng2qQO-5w1Qu3cg4wvDF6uB3C-WFaI2NV9Zqna3ZjXDSgpwYAFYSi5-wqSI2n208nRr9mZWE3AgYAz4r1g7ubD8O87B8MUihDUFPaZSDrNY/s1600/paintingwestpediment-144422fa13c47f1db1d-1535da2d893211ec367.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="748" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGJhfQANVO3mbOWW73od3dm5ElKE_FwjwEng2qQO-5w1Qu3cg4wvDF6uB3C-WFaI2NV9Zqna3ZjXDSgpwYAFYSi5-wqSI2n208nRr9mZWE3AgYAz4r1g7ubD8O87B8MUihDUFPaZSDrNY/s320/paintingwestpediment-144422fa13c47f1db1d-1535da2d893211ec367.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i style="background-color: #fdfbfc; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Blank marble and polychromy version of the archer from the <br />west pediment of the Temple of Aphaia in Aigina (490-480 BCE). <br />Reconstruction by <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/gods-in-color-painted-sculpture-of-classical-antiquity/oclc/221764398" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; transition: 0.2s; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">Vinzenz Brinkmann</a>. From<a href="https://sarahemilybond.com/2017/04/30/the-argument-made-by-the-absence-on-whiteness-polychromy-and-diversity-in-classics/" target="_blank"> </a><a href="https://sarahemilybond.com/2017/04/30/the-argument-made-by-the-absence-on-whiteness-polychromy-and-diversity-in-classics/" style="color: #6d6d6d;" target="_blank">S. Bond's blog</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Classicist <span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://clas.uiowa.edu/classics/people/sarah-e-bond">Sarah Bond</a>,</span> professor at Iowa and regular contributor to Forbes, has received a lot of attention lately because of a piece regarding polychromic statues in antiquity. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">To very briefly summarize her essay, <span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://hyperallergic.com/383776/why-we-need-to-start-seeing-the-classical-world-in-color/">Why We Need to Start Seeing the Classical World in Color</a>,</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>while everyone is familiar with bright white Greek and Roman marble statues, most don’t know that these statues were originally very colorfully painted. This is beyond question, especially now that we have incredible equipment that is able to scan for minute traces of pigment. However, this technology is new and the influential 18th c. art historian <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann"><span style="color: blue;">Johann Winckelmann</span></a> did not know this. In his overview of western art, he included the whiteness of the statues as an essential component to their beauty. This misconception of Greek aesthetics has influenced art history and aesthetics ever since. It has even contributed to “the false construction of race.” Moreover, some overtly racist organizations have adopted the imagery of white marble statues, drawing on this history of interpretation.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I thought this was a good and well researched blog post. It was even better when she was published in a fuller and more researched form in hyperallergic. Having read and enjoyed it, I honestly didn't think too much more about it.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Then this happened. Trolls on Twitter, followed by support from other academics on Twitter. Finally, Dr. Bond announced that she had bee<span style="color: blue;">n <a href="https://www.artforum.com/news/id=68963" target="_blank">receiving death threats </a></span>from people who are part of the so-called Alt-right. A</span><span style="font-size: large;">t least in some of the Twitter responses it seems clear that there is either zero engagement with the article or we are simply dealing with different ways of understanding. Many of the responses are not directed toward the article at all, but just the assertion that Dr. Bond is clearly another example of a ‘liberal snowflake,’ crazy academic. While I really can understand how non-academics can be frustrated by how we write articles that anguish over minute details or apply critical theories that seem insane, this article is a good, accessible, straightforward look at how polychromic statues lost their paint and lead to particular 18th century views on aesthetics. The vitriol that it has elicited is out of proportion and can only be connected to the assertion that this provides more evidence that race is not a static reality, but rather a social construction.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Another aspect of this situation that I find particularly concerning is, of course, the fact that Dr. Bond has received death threats. She has had to go to her university administration and deal with issues of security. I find this particularly distressing in light of the NRA presiden<span style="color: blue;">t <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Wayne LaPierre">Wayne LaPierre</a></span> who speaking alongside president Trump said: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“It’s up to us to speak up against the three most dangerous voices in America: academic elites, political elites, and media elites. These are America’s greatest domestic threats.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">At the same time he is labeling academic elites as a domestic threat (Is there a distinction? Are there non-elite academics who are not a threat?) his organization is continually working to end laws prohibiting weapons on campus, so-called campus-carry restrictions (Th</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">e<span style="color: blue;"> </span><a href="https://www.nraila.org/articles/20150730/political-report-on-campus-carry-we-ve-only-begun-to-fight" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">NRA on campus-carry</span></a>; related Rolling Stone<span style="color: blue;"> <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/inside-the-fight-over-guns-on-campus-w473960" target="_blank">article</a> </span>)</span>. </span><span style="font-size: large;">While these may at first seem to be separate issues, I think that statem</span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">ents like LaPierre’s are very dangerous and directly contribute to the situations such as the one Dr. Bond has found herself in over the last week. I can only imagine the stress and fear that one who has received death threats for academic views would feel if they also worked in a classroom in which any one of her students can be carrying a handgun.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">On her blog, Bond notes that one thing she has learned from this is that we need to incorporate the issues race and art into our coursework. I could't agree more. I think also that academics need to become/remain politically active, arguing against the NRA's narrative and asserting that rather than a threat, we are a necessary part of our society's attempt to understand itself and its history.</span><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="330" src="//www.c-span.org/video/standalone/?c4667607" width="512"></iframe></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;">2017 NRA Institute for Legislative Action’s “Leadership Forum” </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;">https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4667607/nras-lapierre-greatest-domestic-threats-academic-political-media-elites)</span><br />
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<br /><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17.5868px;">Isaac M. Alderman</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17.6px;" /><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17.5868px;">Follow me on Twitter <a href="https://twitter.com/isaacalderman" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #999999; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease-in-out;">@isaacalderman</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Follow Bible Junkies on Twitter <a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #999999; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease-in-out;">@Biblejunkies</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Feel free to“Like” Biblejunkies on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #999999; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease-in-out;">Facebook</a></i>
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Isaac M. Aldermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10282951886480508721noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-63289518287229798772016-08-23T08:38:00.000-07:002016-08-23T08:38:21.910-07:00The Ark Encounter's Difficult Relationship with the Miraculous<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdsZOxgK3lzFRFTrNgXLdJ1HE-V__V6nCUXLl1FYIZTVQtfI0yDn63_MRkCuZSRPAYBadKsXpO6CR8SDj5JLlchvOSu8Kc3JvobJaeyfFcVvUbzfrXxd_6gEK45jVL-nWtuJy84BdcKWY/s1600/ArkEncounter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdsZOxgK3lzFRFTrNgXLdJ1HE-V__V6nCUXLl1FYIZTVQtfI0yDn63_MRkCuZSRPAYBadKsXpO6CR8SDj5JLlchvOSu8Kc3JvobJaeyfFcVvUbzfrXxd_6gEK45jVL-nWtuJy84BdcKWY/s320/ArkEncounter.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ark Encounter- <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ArkEncounter.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia (Jameywiki)</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In addition to scenic bus tours, a restaurant, and the Ararat Ridge Zoo, the central attraction of the the <a href="https://arkencounter.com/" target="_blank">Ark Encounter</a> theme park in Williamstown, Kentucky, is a massive model ship in which stretches 510 feet long, 85 feet wide, and 51 feet high. The builders of this ark, the apologetics ministry Answers in Genesis (AiG), led by founder, CEO, and creationism proponent <a href="https://answersingenesis.org/bios/ken-ham/" target="_blank">Ken Ham</a>, hope that the exhibit will further the ministry's goal of:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
...enabling Christians to defend their faith and to proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ effectively. We focus particularly on providing answers to questions surrounding the book of Genesis, as it is the most-attacked book of the Bible.(<a href="https://answersingenesis.org/about/" target="_blank">Link</a>)</blockquote>
A recent article by Carmine Grimaldi published on the website of the Atlantic (<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/ark-encounter-kentucky/495707/" target="_blank">The Obsession with Biblical Literalism</a>) explores the difficulties of the approach to scripture which underlies the project. Grimaldi emphasizes the fact that the builders provide information lacking in the Bible, filling in gaps. The Ark Encounter engages its visitors with a great deal of additional non-biblical details, such as the names and personalities of the women, and hobbies and games to pass the time during the long stay on board the ark. Grimaldi writes, "For self-proclaimed literalists, the ark includes a striking amount of fabrications and fictionalizations."<div>
<div>
<br />Sure. But both Jews and Christians have a long history of developing traditional names and information about people and incidents in the Bible. Filling in the gaps is a necessary interpretive move in any context, but especially when details are sparse. The account of Noah, typical of many biblical narratives, is not concerned with providing details such as the name of the women, or the quality of the living quarters aboard the ark. </div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://cdn-assets.answersingenesis.org/img/articles/am/v2/n2/ark-layout.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://cdn-assets.answersingenesis.org/img/articles/am/v2/n2/ark-layout.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">AiG- <a href="https://answersingenesis.org/noahs-ark/caring-for-the-animals-on-the-ark/" target="_blank">Caring for Animals on the Ark</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://cdn-assets.answersingenesis.org/img/articles/am/v2/n2/manure-gutter-model.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://cdn-assets.answersingenesis.org/img/articles/am/v2/n2/manure-gutter-model.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">AiG- </span><a href="https://answersingenesis.org/noahs-ark/caring-for-the-animals-on-the-ark/" style="font-size: 12.8px;" target="_blank">Caring for Animals on the Ark</a></td></tr>
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<br />What I find more compelling in Grimaldi's article is the effort AiG puts into emphasizing the feasibility of the flood narrative. On its website, AiG offers schematics, analyses of food and waste management (gutters, methane vents, sloped cage floors, etc.) as well as suggestions for piping and fresh water tanks. A commitment to young earth creationism creates further problems, as the dinosaurs must be accounted for as well. "In Genesis 6:19–20, the Bible says that two of every sort of land vertebrate (seven of the “clean” animals) were brought by God to the Ark. Therefore, dinosaurs, (land vertebrates) were represented on the Ark." AiG asserts that this challenge is overcome by careful reading. The Bible says that two of every "kind" of animal was on the ark. In the case of a cat, for example, that does not mean two jaguars, two lions, two short-haired domestics, etc. Rather, a single pair of cats, perhaps "similar to proilurus, an extinct cat of Asia and Europe" could have been on the ark and given rise to the many dozens of feline species we now know. The same could be said for the dinosaurs (approximately 55 "kinds") and every other creature. (<a href="https://answersingenesis.org/noahs-ark/caring-for-the-animals-on-the-ark/" target="_blank">Link</a>) </div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://assets.answersingenesis.org/img/articles/am/v11/n1/cat-kinds-large.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://assets.answersingenesis.org/img/articles/am/v11/n1/cat-kinds-large.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">AiG- <a href="https://answersingenesis.org/noahs-ark/reimagining-ark-animals/" target="_blank">Reimagining Ark Animals</a></td></tr>
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This emphasis on feasibility is also used to present the biblical account of the flood as superior to those found in other ancient traditions. Grimaldi writes that "visitors can watch animated simulations of ships from other diluvial myths being tossed in rough water. They all sink, often to the sound of terrified screams." The PBS program NOVA seems to be interested in this game as well, as they recently aired an episode called "<a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/secrets-noahs-ark.html" target="_blank">Secrets of Noah's Ark</a>." It more properly should have been called the "Secret of Atrahasis' Ark," since it featured the rebuilding of the boat as described in the Sumerian flood narrative. Yet the NOVA experiment was essentially the same, wondering if the tablet was "nothing more than a fanciful myth? Or could such a reed boat have carried Atra-Hasis’ family of more than one hundred and his many animals?"</div>
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This emphasis on feasibility reminds me of an earlier tradition in biblical reception, which was founded on an Enlightenment-era rejection of the miraculous. The <i>a priori</i> rejection of anything that might violate the laws of nature, which were rapidly being refined and understood, led to mental gymnastics to explain how the events recorded in the Bible could be historically accurate, yet not miraculous. Red algae blooms in the Nile and severe wind storms help to explain the early chapters of Exodus, while people inspired by Jesus' teaching to share their bread and fish with others explains the gospels' miraculous feedings. (William Lane Craig provides an excellent overview of "<a href="http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the-problem-of-miracles-a-historical-and-philosophical-perspective" target="_blank">The Problem of Miracles</a>.")</div>
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AiG certainly affirms the reality of miracles, and explicitly links the belief in the accounts of Genesis 1-11 to the resurrection of Jesus. "The Bible—the “history book of the universe”—provides a reliable, eye-witness account of the beginning of all things, and can be trusted to tell the truth in all areas it touches on." To reject Noah's ark puts one on a "slippery slide" to rejecting the gospel message. So instead of arguing for the miraculous, as many apologetic endeavors do, AiG is here emphasizing its absence. Grimaldi's quotes "the ship’s engineer" as calling the reliance on miraculous explanations as "a bit of a disease...[God] doesn’t do miracles willy-nilly.”</div>
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I agree with Grimaldi's conclusion that biblical literalism is hampered by the necessary filling of textual gaps, but I think AiG's greater challenge is being in the position of hypothesizing difficult scientific solutions for the non-miraculous in order to defend the existence of the miraculous. </div>
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<span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17.5868px;">Isaac M. Alderman</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17.6px;" /><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17.5868px;">Follow me on Twitter <a href="https://twitter.com/isaacalderman" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #999999; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease-in-out;">@isaacalderman</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Follow Bible Junkies on Twitter <a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #999999; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease-in-out;">@Biblejunkies</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Feel free to“Like” Biblejunkies on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #999999; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease-in-out;">Facebook</a></i><br />
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Isaac M. Aldermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10282951886480508721noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-82446654656578082852016-08-11T13:52:00.000-07:002017-06-26T19:02:51.720-07:00Acts of the Apostles Online Commentary (35)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is the thirty-fifth
entry in the Bible Junkies Online Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. In this
entry James, brother of John, and Peter face the wrath of the authorities. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For previous entries</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, please now go to the </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Complete Acts of the Apostle Commentary</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, where you can find links to each of the
entries updated after each new blog post.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. Contents:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">E) Preparation for
the Gentile Mission: the Conversions of Paul and Cornelius (9:1-12:25): John,
son of Zebedee, is killed and Peter is arrested (12:1-11):</span></div>
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<i><sup>1</sup>About that time King Herod laid violent hands
upon some who belonged to the church. <sup>2 </sup>He had James, the
brother of John, killed with the sword. <sup>3 </sup>After he saw that it
pleased the Jews, he proceeded to arrest Peter also. (This was during the
festival of Unleavened Bread.) <sup>4 </sup>When he had seized him, he put
him in prison and handed him over to four squads of soldiers to guard him,
intending to bring him out to the people after the Passover. <sup>5 </sup>While
Peter was kept in prison, the church prayed fervently to God for him.</i></div>
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<i><sup>6 </sup>The very night before Herod was going to
bring him out, Peter, bound with two chains, was sleeping between two soldiers,
while guards in front of the door were keeping watch over the prison. <sup>7 </sup>Suddenly
an angel of the Lord appeared and a light shone in the cell. He tapped Peter on
the side and woke him, saying, “Get up quickly.” And the chains fell off his
wrists. <sup>8 </sup>The angel said to him, “Fasten your belt and put on
your sandals.” He did so. Then he said to him, “Wrap your cloak around you and
follow me.” <sup>9 </sup>Peter</i><i> went out and
followed him; he did not realize that what was happening with the angel’s help
was real; he thought he was seeing a vision. <sup>10 </sup>After they had
passed the first and the second guard, they came before the iron gate leading
into the city. It opened for them of its own accord, and they went outside and
walked along a lane, when suddenly the angel left him. <sup>11 </sup>Then
Peter came to himself and said, “Now I am sure that the Lord has sent his angel
and rescued me from the hands of Herod and from all that the Jewish people were
expecting.” </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=acts+12&version=NRSVCE"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">NRSV</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Most scholars divide this section into two parts, 12:1-17 and 12:18-23,
with 12:24-25 transition and summary verses. I am dividing the section somewhat
differently for the purposes of the online commentary, primarily to create two
sections of even length, but also because I do think that <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>there is a natural break that occurs after
Peter’s miraculous escape from prison. The next entry will bring us to the end
of chapter 12 and the end of section </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E)
Preparation for the Gentile Mission: the Conversions of Paul and Cornelius
(9:1-12:25)</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> of this commentary. In
fact, if length of commentary was not a concern, the whole section coheres as
one unit. For Richard Pervo “the two stories {1-17 and 18-23} share a principal
character: ‘King Herod.’ These observations invite the critic to view the
entire unit as an integrated whole. Acts 12:1-23 is, in fact, a well-crafted
novella containing different forms drawn from several sources. Questions of
source, form, editing, and historical tradition are not insignificant, but they
ought not detract from recognition of the overall literary achievement. The
complexity of the tradition indicates the presence of an authorial hand”
(Pervo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 301). </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">While Luke’s authorial hand is present, it is difficult to determine
the number of sources which Luke is drawing on. Fitzmyer just posits a
Palestinian source (Fitzmyer, <i>Acts</i>, 486), but Pervo sees separate traditions
behind vv. 1-2 and the two episodes regarding Peter (vv. 7-10 and 12-17), with Pervo
treating 12:12-17 as a Lucan composition (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 301). Whether the
account with Rhoda and Peter is Luke’s composition, the miraculous escape
narrative plays into broader Lucan themes in Acts.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Peter’s escape from prison is one of “three prison-escape stories in
Acts (5:17-26; 16:19-40),” all of which “occur at important points in the
narrative and appear, in retrospect, to presage important changes” (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>,
301). Pervo notes that after the first escape in Acts 5 comes the account of
the Hellenists; the escape in Acts 16 comes after the Apostolic Council and
highlights “the beginning of Paul’s labors in the Aegean region” (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>,
301); while Peter’s escape that we are examining here marks the end of the
centrality of his mission in Acts. “The liberation stories are, in a general
sense, associated with breakthroughs of the message” (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 301).
This is an important insight regarding Luke’s purposes in Acts. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Pervo believes that one possibility for a source for the escape
narrative is the ancient Jewish historian Artapanus, whose work is found in
Eusebius, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Praep. Ev. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">9.27.23-25 in fragmentary form; in Artapanus’
text Pharaoh imprisons Moses, just as Peter is imprisoned by Agrippa. At night,
the prison door opens automatically for Moses and the prison guards “either die
or sleep” as Moses exits the prison. Moses then goes from the prison to the
palace where he wakes the Pharaoh and tells him the name of God, which leads
the Pharaoh to faint, but not die. Moses revives the Pharaoh, an outcome
happier than that which will end Acts 12 (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 301).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Our passage opens with “King Herod” laying “violent hands upon some who
belonged to the church” (Acts 12:1). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
Gary Gilbert says, “only Acts refers to Agrippa by the name ‘Herod,’ possibly
to build continuity with Herod Antipas, who was involved in the deaths of John
the Baptist (Lk 3:18-20; 9:7-9) and Jesus (Lk 13:31; 23:6-12; Acts 4:27), and
with his grandfather, Herod the Great (37-4BCE) (Lk 1:5; 3:1). In Jewish
tradition, Agrippa is remembered as a fair, generous, and religiously observant
Jewish ruler (<i>Ant. </i>19.330)” (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 222). That Luke wants
to draw these connections is the likely case since the peace of 9:31 has been
“shattered” (Pervo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 302). Agrippa becomes a “folkloristic
wicked tyrant, “who even though he was not known as “Herod,” becomes as “type”
of bad King Herod (Pervo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 302-3).</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Agrippa I was the son of Berenice I and Aristobulus IV and brother of
Herodias (Mark 6:15-28) and grandson of Herod the Great and Mariamne, who was born
in 10 BC and reigned from 37 AD until his death in 44 AD (Fitzmyer, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 486; see Josephus, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Antiquities</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 18. 250-256; 19.6.1-4, 292-316 for an
overview of his whole reign, which Gilbert noted above).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Agrippa is a persecutor in this case as “he had James, the brother of
John, killed with the sword” (Acts 12:2). The account is puzzling in that no
motive is offered for this action (Fitzmyer, <i>Acts</i>, 487), but it does end
a “short period of tranquility” (Johnson, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 210). Both Pervo and
Joseph Fitzmyer also see James’ death as pointing to the “end of the apostolic
age,” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>leading to James, the brother of
the Lord, to succeed Peter in charge of the church in Jerusalem (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>,
302; Fitzmyer, <i>Acts</i>, 485). For Fitzmyer, the death of James, son of
Zebedee, “explains the transition from Peter’s importance in the Jerusalem
community to that of James {brother of the Lord}, who eventually takes over for
him as the chief authority in that community” (Fitzmyer, <i>Acts</i>, 485). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Fitzmyer also finds it remarkable that the apostles do not try and
reconstitute the twelve after James’ death as they did after Judas’s death
(Fitzmyer, <i>Acts</i>, 486). He writes, “Nor is there in the history of the
church any continuation of the titles ‘apostle’ or ‘the Twelve.’ Bishops are
said to be successors to the apostles, but they do not bear either of those two
titles” (Fitzmyer, <i>Acts</i>, 486). I think it is easy enough to understand
why the title “the Twelve” came to an end and it is probably linked to the same
reason “apostle” stops being used at some point in the early church. Judas is
the outlier for Luke, I think, because of how he left his position and so
filling his position as an apostle and one of the Twelve is essential to
reconstitute the original Twelve, but it serves no purpose beyond that since we
never hear of Mattathias again. For the other apostles, who die faithful to
Jesus, there is no reason to replace them among the Twelve.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Agrippa finds that killing James “pleased the Jews,” so “he proceeded
to arrest Peter also. (This was during the festival of Unleavened Bread)” (Acts
12:3). It is clear that Agrippa’s intention is to kill Peter, since James’
death was so well received, but he waits because of the festival, which draws
an intended parallel to Jesus’ arrest, trial, and crucifixion (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>,
303). </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Why does James’ death please the Jews? Luke Timothy Johnson speculates
that a clue might rest with the means of death, beheading, which is fit for an
apostate (as outlined in <i>Mishnah Sanhedrin</i> 9.1, 10.4 {inhabitants of an
apostate city have no share in the world to come}, and Deut. 13:15 {a call for
the extermination of idol worshippers}). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since Agrippa I supports the Pharisees (Josephus,
<i>Antiquities</i>, 19. 292-316), Johnson argues, this death is a means to
satisfy their demands (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 211). This seems a bit of a
stretch on both the apostasy claim – in what way are the early disciples of
Jesus apostates? – and the direct connection of the Pharisees to the Mishnah. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">More likely is Gilbert’s explanation that “Jews as a whole, not just
individuals such as the high priest or groups such as the Sadducees, frequently
appear in Acts as persecutors of Christians (13:45; 14:2, 19; 17:5; 18:12;
20:3; 21:27; 22:30; 23:12; 24:9; 25:2, 7; 26:2, 21)” (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>,
222). This is a great number of passages and “since the death of Stephen, it has
been assumed that ‘the Jews’ hated followers of Jesus - and the ruler decided
to continue his course” (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 303). All of the Jews, naturally,
did not desire the death of all of the Christians, but Luke has presented this “split,”
as Pervo says, starting with Stephen in Acts 6.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Peter was arrested, therefore, and Agrippa “put him in prison and
handed him over to four squads of soldiers to guard him, intending to bring him
out to the people after the Passover” (Acts 12:4). The number of soldiers has
the result of telling us that escape is impossible!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gilbert defines “<i>squad</i>, Gk ‘stratiōtos,’
a small group of soldiers probably consisting of about ten men; the number
(forty or so, altogether) emphasizes the impossibility of escape (as do the
chains, v. 6)” (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 222; on the four squads see also Philo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Flaccum</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 13.111).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Surrounded by soldiers in prison, “the church prayed fervently to God
for him” (Acts 12:5). Petitionary prayer is a significant Lucan theme (Fitzmyer,
<i>Acts</i>, 487) and “the community’s prayer compensates for Peter’s
powerlessness and prepares for his miraculous escape” (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>,
211). Not only was Peter surrounded by soldiers, but he was also on the “night
before Herod was going to bring him out… bound with two chains…sleeping between
two soldiers, while guards in front of the door were keeping watch over the
prison” (Acts 12:6). Seneca (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Epistle
</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">5.7) also knows of this method of
chaining a prisoner to two guards, which indicates a desire to keep a prisoner
from even the thought of escape (Fitzmyer, <i>Acts</i>, 488). “Security is
especially tight” (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 303), which is intended to make Peter’s
escape all the more miraculous (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 211). This extra precaution
was due to Agrippa’s desire to “bring him out,” which probably means Peter was
going to have a public trial of some sort, unlike James but like Jesus (Fitzmyer,
<i>Acts</i>, 487).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The implausibility of an escape is established, but “suddenly an angel
of the Lord appeared and a light shone in the cell. As Pervo says, “no ruler
has ever been able to design an angel-proof jail” (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 303).
The angel tapped Peter on the side and woke him, saying, ‘Get up quickly.’ And
the chains fell off his wrists” (Acts 12:7). Johnson notes that the verb </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">patassō</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, translated in the NRSV as “tapped,”</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">is odd because it usually
means “smite” (Exod 2:12; Ps 3:7; see more biblical passages at Johnson, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 212). It seems that the angel has a job waking up Peter! </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Even more remarkable is that even though the angel had to “tap” Peter,
who is chained to two guards, and that “the light shone” no one else woke up.
This might be intended to indicate God keeping the guards from seeing, just as at
Paul’s own revelatory experience only he had the full divine knowledge. In this
case, no one else experiences any of the revelation of the angel. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">As Pervo states, “Readers know what to expect: the angel will escort Peter
out of prison and give him instructions” (Pervo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 304) and indeed “the
angel said to him, ‘Fasten your belt and put on your sandals.’ He did so. Then
he said to him, ‘Wrap your cloak around you and follow me.’ (Acts 12:8). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pervo finds this “a maddening dialogue…as the
angel supervises every detail of Peter’s toilet (v.8). Worried readers will not
understand why these niceties cannot wait. When his wardrobe finally meets the
standards of this celestial valet, Peter is told to follow…the human characters
are puppets maneuvered from on high” (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 304). This is surely
the issue, though, that God is directing events and keeping Peter alive (and
soon to end Agrippa’s life). Even more the physicality of the instructions is
intended to tell the reader: this is not a dream! Peter is getting dressed with
real clothes, a belt and sandals. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">In Acts 12:9 Peter, having done what he was told, “went out and
followed him; he did not realize that what was happening with the angel’s help
was real; he thought he was seeing a vision.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peter might wonder if he is having a dream,
but the reader knows better. So, after Peter and the angel “had passed the
first and the second guard, they came before the iron gate leading into the
city. It opened for them of its own accord, and they went outside and walked
along a lane, when suddenly the angel left him” (Acts 12:10). There are
accounts of gates opening of their own accord in other ancient literature,
including Ovid, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metamorphoses</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 3.699-700 (“of their own accord the doors
opened wide”) (Fitzmyer, <i>Acts</i>, 488), but what is odd about this story is
that the angel suddenly leaves him without further direction or telling him the
next step of the plan, which “is not a common feature of escape stories or any
other kind of legend” (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 305).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">At this point, “Peter came to himself and said, ‘Now I am sure that the
Lord has sent his angel and rescued me from the hands of Herod and from all
that the Jewish people were expecting’” (Acts 12:11).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is only when the angel leaves that Peter
comes to his senses and realizes that God has helped him escape. Peter is
rescued from Agrippa, indeed, but what were the Jewish people expecting? A
public trial? His death, however it would be carried out? According to Richard
Dillon, “</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">all that the Jewish
people were expecting</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">” is a statement
which, “carrying the author’s assessment of the miracle, documents the further
development of the process that began at the stoning of Stephen: the defection
of ‘the people’ who once welcomed the apostolic ministry (2:47; 5:13) into unbelieving
Jewry and, therewith, ‘the true Israel’s’ outreach to the Gentiles” (Dillon, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">NJBC</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 747-48). As Pervo said, cited above, each of these escape narratives carries
with it a transition to a new stage in the development of the Gospel mission.
God is on Peter’s side, but, according to Luke, the people no longer are on the
side of the disciples.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Next entry, Peter
finds his fellow believers and Agrippa I dies.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I invite you to follow me on Twitter </i><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I encourage you to “Like” Biblejunkies on </i><a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies"><i>Facebook</i></a><i>.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>This entry is cross-posted at America Magazine - The Good
Word</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-45499432892317786452016-07-27T17:30:00.001-07:002016-07-27T17:52:45.738-07:00Acts of the Apostles Online Commentary (34)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is the thirty-fourth
entry in the Bible Junkies Online Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. In this
entry the narrative turns to the origin and development of the Church at
Antioch. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For previous entries</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, please now go to the </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Complete Acts of the Apostle Commentary</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, where you can find links to each of the
entries updated after each new blog post.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. Contents:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">E) Preparation for
the Gentile Mission: the Conversions of Paul and Cornelius (9:1-12:25): The
Church in Antioch (11:19-30):</span></div>
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<i><sup>19 </sup>Now those who were scattered because of
the persecution that took place over Stephen traveled as far as Phoenicia, Cyprus,
and Antioch, and they spoke the word to no one except Jews. <sup>20 </sup>But
among them were some men of Cyprus and Cyrene who, on coming to Antioch, spoke
to the Hellenists also, proclaiming the Lord Jesus. <sup>21 </sup>The hand
of the Lord was with them, and a great number became believers and turned to
the Lord. <sup>22 </sup>News of this came to the ears of the church in
Jerusalem, and they sent Barnabas to Antioch. <sup>23 </sup>When he came
and saw the grace of God, he rejoiced, and he exhorted them all to remain
faithful to the Lord with steadfast devotion; <sup>24 </sup>for he was a
good man, full of the Holy Spirit and of faith. And a great many people were
brought to the Lord. <sup>25 </sup>Then Barnabas went to Tarsus to look
for Saul, <sup>26 </sup>and when he had found him, he brought him to
Antioch. So it was that for an entire year they met with the church and taught
a great many people, and it was in Antioch that the disciples were first called
“Christians.”</i></div>
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<i><sup>27 </sup>At that time prophets came down from
Jerusalem to Antioch. <sup>28 </sup>One of them named Agabus stood up and
predicted by the Spirit that there would be a severe famine over all the world;
and this took place during the reign of Claudius. <sup>29 </sup>The
disciples determined that according to their ability, each would send relief to
the believers living in Judea; <sup>30 </sup>this they did, sending it to
the elders by Barnabas and Saul. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=acts+11&version=NRSVCE"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">NRSV</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The opening verse of this section states that the disciples of Jesus
began to spread throughout the Mediterranean world (Phoenicia, Cyprus, and
Antioch) due to “the persecution that took place over Stephen,” but that the
message of Jesus was spoken to “no one except Jews” (11:19). It is an important
point for Luke to stress that the Gentile mission just described in Acts 10 with
Peter and Cornelius is the beginning of the missionary outreach to Gentiles, by
pointing out that the scattered missionary outreach of the persecuted Christians
went only to diaspora Jews. That they would speak the message only to Jews seems
odd, though, coming as it does on the heels of the message being brought by
Peter to the Gentile Cornelius and his household, but it is also odd in the
context of this passage.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Craig Keener notes that the material in 11:19-30 most likely reflects
historical data that the Gentile mission “stemmed from many dispersed Hellenists
(8:4) rather than his {Luke’s} heroes Peter or even Paul” (Keener, <i>Acts: An
Exegetical Commentary, Volume 2</i>, 1831). Richard Pervo agrees that this section
restarts a source broken off previously at 8:4 – “n</span><span class="text">ow
those who were scattered went from place to place, proclaiming the word.” </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span>Pervo,
<i>Acts</i>, 290).</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The next verse tells us that those who were scattered and preaching
included “men of Cyprus and Cyrene who, on coming to Antioch, spoke to the
Hellenists also, proclaiming the Lord Jesus. The hand of the Lord was with
them, and a great number became believers and turned to the Lord” (11:20-21). Elsewhere
in Acts we learn that two leaders in the Antioch church are from Cyprus (Barnabas
- 4:36; 13:1) and from Cyrene (Lucius - 13:1), but Luke needs to have Barnabas come
from Jerusalem for his narrative, which he does in 11:22. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pervo believes that Barnabas is a founder of
the church in Antioch or </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">founder, but he (and Lucius) remain anonymous
in 11:20 “because the narrator chose to have Barnabas sent from Jerusalem. The
source probably assumed these persons sought gentile converts from the
beginning” (Pervo, <i>Acts</i></span>,<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
290-91).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">That the scattered disciples sought gentile converts initially seems
most likely. In Acts 6, I argued that Hellenists were Greek-speaking Jews who
followed Jesus. But it is a strange use of Hellenists here if that is the case,
since people of Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Antioch, including Jews, would all have
been Greek speakers. How would “Hellenists,” noted by name in 11:20, be
different from any other Jews in Antioch? It is possible it means they were
native Greek speakers, as opposed to Jews from Judea, but it seems more likely
that Gentiles are intended here. T.E. Page’s note on this problem is that even
though “Hellenists” (Greek-speaking Jews) is found here the preferred word
ought to be “Hellēnas” (Greeks) (Page, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 152-53).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He, like Keener and Pervo, think that the
issue is Luke’s desire to have the Gentile mission start with Peter, not these
other disciples, but says, “although the case of Cornelius was first in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">importance</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (as Luke clearly indicates by the position and length of his
narrative) it is not necessary to assume that it was first in point of </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">time</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">” (Page, <i>Acts</i>, 153). This seems correct.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Richard Pervo goes farther, arguing that “few doubt that gentile
converts are in view” in this section of Acts, but the passage does not explain
the process in Antioch among the disciples of Jesus, “leaving readers to wonder
why the policy changed in Antioch and how Saul accepted this momentous shift without
objection. Nothing is said about Torah – whether male converts had to be
circumcised and all had to observe </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kashrut</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. The historical Barnabas was a, if not the,
founder of the Antiochene community, but he was not an official envoy from
Jerusalem, nor is it likely that he hit upon the idea of recruiting Paul and
made a personal journey to do so. What this account does is relieve Paul from
responsibility for innovation” (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 290). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pervo might impute too much to this source,
and to the attempt to relieve Paul “from responsibility for innovation,” since
the accounts of Peter with Cornelius already have done that, but it would be
nice to know how the church in Antioch came to their decision to accept
Gentiles as disciples. This is, in fact, data that we can only glean in general
from Paul’s own letters at this early stage in the church, but he never speaks
specifically about the situation in Antioch.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Certainly, Luke sees God active in this mission since the phrase “hand
of the Lord” (11:21) is found in the Septuagint (LXX) - 1 Sam 5:3, 6, 9; 2 Sam
3:12 - as Luke Timothy Johnson notes, and it is a phrase indicating “the
presence of divine power that validates their testimony” (Johnson, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 203). A more interesting question is who is meant by the “Lord” (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kyrios</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">) here in 11:21? Or in 11:23? 11:24? Pervo thinks the first refers to
Jesus, the second to the Lord God, and that the third usage is uncertain, but
it is a difficult question to resolve with certainty (as I think that the third
instance in 11:24 might refer to Jesus) (<i>Acts</i>, 293). </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The way in which the missionary activity in Antioch receives support
from the Jerusalem church is to have “news” filter up to Jerusalem and then
have Barnabas sent to Antioch from Jerusalem, though many scholars, as noted
above, believe he might indeed have been there from the start (11:22). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barnabas, when he arrives, “saw the grace of
God” and subsequently “he rejoiced, and he exhorted them all to remain faithful
to the Lord with steadfast devotion” (11:23). One would expect apostles here,
as in chapter 10 and earlier in chapter 11, to verify the work of the Holy
Spirit, but Barnabas is their substitute. In 11:24, we are told “he was a good
man, full of the Holy Spirit and of faith.” His qualifications are his faith
and evidence of the Holy Spirit. His mission is a great success since “a great
many people were brought to the Lord.” </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">It is at this point that “Barnabas went to Tarsus to look for Saul, and
when he had found him, he brought him to Antioch.” (11:25-26). Saul had been sent
back to his home town in 9:20, but is now brought back into the picture, once
again by Barnabas (though Pervo believes that Saul too was probably already
active in Antioch when Barnabas arrived or, more likely, with Barnabas already
in Antioch). Saul will now be central to the development of the narrative in
Acts. Joseph Fitzmyer dates all of these events around 44 CE (Fitzmyer, <i>Acts</i>,
477).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The two of them met with the church in Antioch for a whole year “and it
was in Antioch that the disciples were first called ‘Christians’” (11:26). The
success of the mission in Antioch must have been great for them to earn this “Greek
word of Latin form and Semitic background” (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 295). This
title seems to have been applied to them from outside of the disciples (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>,
295)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a> and is
a means to distinguish them from other Jews, or perhaps from everyone else. The
whole question of when we may begin to think about the “Christians” as separate
from other Jews, even when the disciples of Jesus start to draw Gentiles into
their communities, is a complicated one. The “parting of the ways” is by no
means accomplished at this early point. The "Christians" represent a particular
Jewish position regarding the identity of the Messiah and the entry of Gentiles into the Jewish community, but
this does not mean they are no longer consider themselves or that others no longer
consider them Jews. They are Jews who believe the Messiah has come among them
and that the Messiah Jesus has shown the way for Gentiles to be invited into
the messianic community.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The second unit of this section reflects prophets coming to Antioch from
Jerusalem (11:27). The prophet Agabus “predicted by the Spirit that there would
be a severe famine over all the world; and this took place during the reign of
Claudius” (11:28). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Claudius reigned from
41-54 CE, so this certainly fits in this general time frame. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Johnson says that “there were widespread
famines during the reign of Claudius, and there was a particularly severe one
in roughly the same period in Palestine” (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 208). Though
Luke has a “worldwide” famine it most likely indicates the Roman Empire, since Luke
would know little of the world beyond that of the Roman Empire. Pervo suggests
that “one possible source for the account of the famine relief is Josephus, <i>Ant</i>.
20.51-53, 101, which praises Queen Helena of Adiabene for her efforts to provide
<i>famine relief </i>during the reign of <i>Claudius</i>” (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 295).
On the other hand, it is possible that Agabus is giving an end of the world
prophecy (famine which strikes the whole world), which would certainly fit with
the apocalyptic tenor of the early church, but is impossible to determine from
the limited data.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Whatever sort of famine Agabus predicted, the Antiochenes turn to help
Jerusalem practically instead of themselves – an oddity which Pervo thinks is solved
by tracing this narrative tradition to Paul’s collections from his Gentile
churches for the Jerusalem church which we know of from his letters (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>,
290, 295). This is compelling, since the text itself says that the disciples in
Antioch sent their relief “to the elders by Barnabas and Saul” (11:29-30). Pervo
believes the story of the prophet Agabus comes from a separate “collection
source” utilized here in this second unit (11:27-30) of 11:19-30 (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>,
295-8). Apart from here and in 21:10-11 Agabus is otherwise unattested in the
NT, as is his personal name anywhere else (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 295). What we
can say, though, is that both this second unit and the first indicate strong
connections between Antioch and Jerusalem, in terms of people, prophetic
inspiration, and charitable activity (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 295), even if some of
the details have been shaped in light of Luke’s grander narrative schemes.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Next entry, James,
brother of John, and Peter face the wrath of the authorities.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I invite you to follow me on Twitter </i><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I encourage you to “Like” Biblejunkies on </i><a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies"><i>Facebook</i></a><i>.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>This entry is cross-posted at <a href="http://americamagazine.org/content/good-word/acts-apostles-online-commentary-34">America Magazine - The Good Word</a></i></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Pervo, however, thinks that it did not emerge in Antioch in the 30s or 40s, but
in the 90s, probably in Rome <i>Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">,
295.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-69046982968156609882016-04-11T16:39:00.002-07:002016-04-13T10:02:35.506-07:00Acts of the Apostles Online Commentary (33)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is the thirty-third
entry in the Bible Junkies Online Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. In this
entry Peter reports the Gentile response to the Gospel and his decision to
baptize Gentiles to the Jerusalem Church. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For previous entries</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, please now go to the </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Complete Acts of the Apostle Commentary</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, where you can find links to each of the
entries updated after each new blog post.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. Contents:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">E) Preparation for
the Gentile Mission: the Conversions of Paul and Cornelius (9:1-12:25): Peter
explains his behavior to the Church in Judea (11:1-18):</span></div>
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<i><sup>1 </sup>Now the apostles and the believers who
were in Judea heard that the Gentiles had also accepted the word of God. <sup>2 </sup>So
when Peter went up to Jerusalem, the circumcised believers criticized him, <sup>3 </sup>saying,
“Why did you go to uncircumcised men and eat with them?” <sup>4 </sup>Then
Peter began to explain it to them, step by step, saying, <sup>5 </sup>“I
was in the city of Joppa praying, and in a trance I saw a vision. There was
something like a large sheet coming down from heaven, being lowered by its four
corners; and it came close to me. <sup>6 </sup>As I looked at it closely I
saw four-footed animals, beasts of prey, reptiles, and birds of the air. <sup>7 </sup>I
also heard a voice saying to me, ‘Get up, Peter; kill and eat.’ <sup>8 </sup>But
I replied, ‘By no means, Lord; for nothing profane or unclean has ever entered
my mouth.’ <sup>9 </sup>But a second time the voice answered from heaven,
‘What God has made clean, you must not call profane.’ <sup>10 </sup>This
happened three times; then everything was pulled up again to heaven. <sup>11 </sup>At
that very moment three men, sent to me from Caesarea, arrived at the house
where we were. <sup>12 </sup>The Spirit told me to go with them and not to
make a distinction between them and us. These six brothers also accompanied me,
and we entered the man’s house. <sup>13 </sup>He told us how he had seen
the angel standing in his house and saying, ‘Send to Joppa and bring Simon, who
is called Peter; <sup>14 </sup>he will give you a message by which you and
your entire household will be saved.’ <sup>15 </sup>And as I began to
speak, the Holy Spirit fell upon them just as it had upon us at the beginning. <sup>16 </sup>And
I remembered the word of the Lord, how he had said, ‘John baptized with water,
but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit.’ <sup>17 </sup>If then God
gave them the same gift that he gave us when we believed in the Lord Jesus
Christ, who was I that I could hinder God?” <sup>18 </sup>When they heard
this, they were silenced. And they praised God, saying, “Then God has given
even to the Gentiles the repentance that leads to life.”</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=acts+11&version=NRSVCE">NRSV</a>)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Because this section rehearses many of the events which have just been
narrated and described in Acts 10, it is important to read this passage
especially carefully: it is in the small additions and clarifications that its meaning
is to be found. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is not a straightforward
recapitulation of events, but an interpretive technique which gets to the heart
of Luke’s theological concerns in Acts. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">According to Luke “the apostles and the believers who were in Judea
heard that the Gentiles had also accepted the word of God” and when “Peter went
up to Jerusalem, the circumcised believers criticized him, saying, ‘Why did you
go to uncircumcised men and eat with them?” (Acts 11:1-3). Peter then began his
“step by step” explanation (Acts 11:4). </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Note the difference between “the apostles and the believers” in Judea
who had heard that the Gentiles had received the word of God and the “circumcised
believers” who are critical of Peter’s behavior when he went to Jerusalem.
Johnson believes that Luke makes a “deliberate distinction” between these two
groups and that it implies that the other apostles accepted Peter’s behavior since
the Gentiles are described as having “accepted the word of God” (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>,
197). This is only an implication, though, since it is also possible to read
the “the apostles and the believers” as the same group which in the next verse is
described as the “circumcised believers.” If this is the case, Acts 11:1 simply
describes the news drifting back to Judea and Acts 11:2 gives us the response
of “the apostles and the believers,” here just classified as “circumcised
believers.”</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">It is difficult to know which reading is correct, since Peter explains the
salvific events among the Gentiles and by the end of the passage (Acts 11:18) they
“all” glorify God. It is more likely that this describes “the apostles and the
believers” who are themselves also named as “circumcised believers” and are
convinced by Peter’s explanation of the Holy Spirit working among the Gentiles.
On the other hand, if the “circumcised believers” have been convinced, why was
a gathering of the Church necessary, as we will see in Acts 15? Richard Dillon,
for instance, believes that only one group is in Luke’s mind, who are now
convinced of the rightness of Peter’s actions (Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>, 747).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Certainly Luke does not hide the fact that Peter was “criticized” (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">diakrinomai</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">) by the “circumcised believers.” Johnson makes the important point
that this same verb was used in Acts 10:20 when the Holy Spirit sent Peter to
Cornelius, telling him to go “<i>mēden diakrinomenos</i></span>”<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> which can mean “without hesitation” as in
the NRSV, but which also can mean to act “without discrimination” or “without
distinction” (<a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2016/02/acts-of-apostles-online-commentary-31.html">Acts
of the Apostles Online Commentary 31</a>). That is, the Holy Spirit tells Peter
to accept the Gentiles without discrimination in Acts 10:21, without “criticism”
if you will, while the “circumcised believers” are themselves discriminating
against Peter by criticizing him <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Acts
11:3 (Johnson, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 197). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The precise criticism in Acts 11:3 is that Peter ate with the Gentiles.
Such eating together is actually not described in Acts 10, though it should
probably be assumed given how long Peter stayed with Cornelius and his
household (Acts 10:48; Johnson, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 197). For Gilbert, “the objection to Peter’s
eating with Gentiles, rather than converting them, reinforces an image of
Jewish xenophobia” (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 219), though eating “unclean” food
would be a fair criticism of Peter at this point, more compelling than simply
being with Gentiles, since it is forbidden according to the Torah. Since Peter
has not yet explained what led him to eat with Gentiles, though we as readers have
the advantage of already knowing of Peter’s visions, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peter is compelled to offer his critics an
account of why he acted as he did. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Since the account here is similar to what we saw in Acts 10 (see <a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2016/02/acts-of-apostles-online-commentary-31.html">Acts
of the Apostles Online Commentary 31</a> and <a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2016/03/acts-of-apostles-online-commentary-32.html">Acts
of the Apostles Online Commentary 32</a> for detailed comments), the focus here
will be concentrating on the differences in this retelling. First of all, when
Peter describes his trance-like vision from Acts 10 he<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>says that the sheet “came close to me” (Acts
11:5), a detail not previously mentioned. In a similar way in Acts 11:6, Peter
says, “I looked at it closely,” also a new detail. Both of these details serve
to add verisimilitude to the account and to make the story come alive. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">After Peter recounts his visionary experience, he notes that as it was
ending “three men, sent to me from Caesarea, arrived at the house where we were”
(Acts 11:11). Peter was told by the Holy Spirit “not to make a distinction
between them and us,” once again using the verb </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">diakrinomai</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Acts 11:12)
as in Acts 10:20 and 11:3. Johnson suggests that because Peter mentions that “these
six brothers also accompanied me,” who were called in Acts 10:45 “</span>circumcised
believers who had come with Peter” (see <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2016/03/acts-of-apostles-online-commentary-32.html">Acts
of the Apostles Online Commentary 32</a></span> for a discussion of this scene),
they are “implicated” in all of the events as witnesses and even participants. Because
they made no objection to the baptism of these Gentiles then, they must have
accepted them <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(Johnson, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 198). The fact that “six brothers” are mentioned probably is added,
once again, as a detail that is intended to lend veracity to Peter’s report;
but the important issue is that Peter was not alone in what he saw or did, that
is, he did not act without (tacit) support.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Peter then reports on Cornelius’ speech to him and his companions. The
important detail added here is that Peter recounts Cornelius saying that the
angel told him that Peter “will give you a message by which you and your entire
household will be saved” (Acts 11:14). The overt claim of salvation does not
appear in Acts 10. Johnson says that “Luke has shown a subtle progression in
perception: the angel first told Peter only to send for Peter (10:5); the
messengers report to Peter that Cornelius wanted to “hear words from you”
(10:22); Cornelius next tells Peter he is ready to hear “all that has been
commanded you by the Lord” (10:33); now, all of this is read back into the
first message” (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 198). This is part of Luke’s artistry, but
it also reflects the way in which we come to know and understand experiences
and events. Peter and Cornelius were both unclear about their roles in the Spirit
driven commands when they were first given; but in light of the outpouring of
the Holy Spirit, salvation became the interpretive key for all present, that
is, for Peter and his fellow Jewish believers and for Cornelius and his “entire
household” (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pas ho oikos</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span><sup> </sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Peter says that “as I began to speak, the Holy Spirit fell upon them
just as it had upon us at the beginning” (Acts 11:15). What Peter means here by
“at the beginning” is Pentecost. As I noted in <a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2016/03/acts-of-apostles-online-commentary-32.html">Acts
of the Apostles Online Commentary 32</a>, Luke considers the outpouring of the
Holy Spirit on the Gentiles as the second instance of Pentecost. This is the
basis for Peter’s seemingly unilateral decision to baptize Cornelius and his
household. But Peter now connects it to Acts 1:5 when he says “I remembered the
word of the Lord, how he had said, ‘John baptized with water, but you will be
baptized with the Holy Spirit’” (Acts 10:16). In Acts 1:5 Jesus said, ‘for John
baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit not many
days from now” (see <a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2014/10/acts-of-apostles-online-commentary-2.html">Acts
of the Apostles Online Commentary 2</a>), which itself is closely related to
John the Baptist’s claim in Luke 3:16. If the Gentiles already have the Spirit,
should they not have the water? It was after all God who gave them the Holy
Spirit as the “same gift” (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">isēn dōrean</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">) given to the Jewish believers, so Peter
cannot stand in God’s way and “hinder” God (Acts 11:17). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Really, Peter had no choice. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The Jewish believers, whether we see them as one or two groups, “were
silenced” (Acts 11:18), which Johnson rightly suggests means that they stopped
criticizing Peter’s behavior (Johnson, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 199). They did more
than that in fact since “they praised God, saying, ‘Then God has given even to
the Gentiles the repentance (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">metanoia</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">that leads to life’” (Acts 11:18).
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As Gilbert points out “repentance” or “conversion”
here is seen as belief in Jesus (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 221). A shift has taken
place among the hearers in their acceptance of Peter’s behavior, but as Gilbert
hints at “a redefinition of the religion itself is in process” (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>,
199). Even the Gentiles can be saved!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Next entry, an
introduction to the Church in Antioch.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I invite you to follow me on Twitter </i><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I encourage you to “Like” Biblejunkies on </i><a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies"><i>Facebook</i></a><i>.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>This entry is cross-posted at <a href="http://americamagazine.org/content/good-word/acts-apostles-online-commentary-33">America Magazine - The Good Word</a></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
From this point on, the notion of the “household” (<i>oikos</i>) in the
Greco-Roman world becomes important for the Gentile mission. It will be
discussed fully in entries further on in the commentary, but mark its
significance now. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
</div>
</div>
Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-35774084214738872462016-03-17T06:42:00.000-07:002016-03-17T06:49:20.117-07:00Acts of the Apostles Online Commentary (32)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is the thirty-second
entry in the Bible Junkies Online Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. In this
entry Cornelius explains why he called for Peter and Peter shares the Gospel
with Cornelius and his friends, with surprising results for Peter. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For previous entries</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, please now go to the </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Complete Acts of the Apostle Commentary</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, where you can find links to each of the
entries updated after each new blog post.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUrn2yn34p2m8e3iOQ-xvi7cTgTQTQyaVAaK8MPzOWMXvqziD2-V6p1XCuIQaMo_jUSurPYAidy_yMNMts5_OwiiOK9rzWtODN_bPynttHdpCmoaLV0xfFcjd5ywNvpKLTQsj4hxDJmJjt/s1600/Acts+of+the+Apostles+Minuscule_223_%2528GA%2529_f11r.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUrn2yn34p2m8e3iOQ-xvi7cTgTQTQyaVAaK8MPzOWMXvqziD2-V6p1XCuIQaMo_jUSurPYAidy_yMNMts5_OwiiOK9rzWtODN_bPynttHdpCmoaLV0xfFcjd5ywNvpKLTQsj4hxDJmJjt/s320/Acts+of+the+Apostles+Minuscule_223_%2528GA%2529_f11r.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. Contents:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">E) Preparation for
the Gentile Mission: the Conversions of Paul and Cornelius (9:1-12:25): Cornelius
sends men to fetch Peter (10:30-48):</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<i><sup>30 </sup>Cornelius replied, “Four days ago at
this very hour, at three o’clock, I was praying in my house when suddenly a man
in dazzling clothes stood before me. <sup>31 </sup>He said, ‘Cornelius,
your prayer has been heard and your alms have been remembered before God. <sup>32 </sup>Send
therefore to Joppa and ask for Simon, who is called Peter; he is staying in the
home of Simon, a tanner, by the sea.’ <sup>33 </sup>Therefore I sent for
you immediately, and you have been kind enough to come. So now all of us are
here in the presence of God to listen to all that the Lord has commanded you to
say.”</i></div>
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<i><sup>34 </sup>Then Peter began to speak to them: “I
truly understand that God shows no partiality, <sup>35 </sup>but in every
nation anyone who fears him and does what is right is acceptable to him. <sup>36 </sup>You
know the message he sent to the people of Israel, preaching peace by Jesus
Christ—he is Lord of all. <sup>37 </sup>That message spread throughout
Judea, beginning in Galilee after the baptism that John announced: <sup>38 </sup>how
God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and with power; how he went
about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil, for God was
with him. <sup>39 </sup>We are witnesses to all that he did both in Judea
and in Jerusalem. They put him to death by hanging him on a tree; <sup>40 </sup>but
God raised him on the third day and allowed him to appear, <sup>41 </sup>not
to all the people but to us who were chosen by God as witnesses, and who ate
and drank with him after he rose from the dead. <sup>42 </sup>He commanded
us to preach to the people and to testify that he is the one ordained by God as
judge of the living and the dead. <sup>43 </sup>All the prophets testify
about him that everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
through his name.”</i></div>
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<i><sup>44 </sup>While Peter was still speaking, the
Holy Spirit fell upon all who heard the word. <sup>45 </sup>The circumcised
believers who had come with Peter were astounded that the gift of the Holy
Spirit had been poured out even on the Gentiles, <sup>46 </sup>for they
heard them speaking in tongues and extolling God. Then Peter said, <sup>47 </sup>“Can
anyone withhold the water for baptizing these people who have received the Holy
Spirit just as we have?” <sup>48 </sup>So he ordered them to be baptized
in the name of Jesus Christ. Then they invited him to stay for several days. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+10&version=NRSVCE"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">NRSV</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This section begins with Cornelius answering Peter’s question from </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2016/02/acts-of-apostles-online-commentary-31.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Acts 10:29</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, “Now may I ask why you sent for me?” While Peter might have his suspicions,
</span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2016/01/acts-of-apostles-online-commentary-30.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">based on his own visionary experience</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2016/02/acts-of-apostles-online-commentary-31.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">and the men who have come to get him</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, this seems to be a genuine question. Cornelius
then replays his own experiences, which we as readers already know, in answer
to Peter’s query. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He says that a man in “dazzling
clothes” appeared to him as he was praying (Acts 10:30), which is
unquestionably an angelic being (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 219). The circumlocution
is slightly interesting, since in Acts 10:3 Cornelius’ visitor is identified as
an angel and Cornelius addresses the angel as “Lord” (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>,
190). This might simply be a subtle way, however, to indicate this devout
Gentile’s confusion regarding the nature of divinity in a Jewish context. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Cornelius recounts that the angel assured him that his “prayer has been
heard and your alms have been remembered before God” (Acts 10:31). Luke Timothy
Johnson notes that in the LXX (Septuagint), the verb <i>mimnêskomai</i> is used
of God “remembering” his covenant with Israel, which gives a sense of the
importance of this verb for God’s relationship with this Gentile (Johnson
offers Gen. 4:1, 9:15; Exod 2:24, 6:5; Lev 26:42; Ps 105:45, 135:23 as
examples; Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 190-91).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">It was also the angel who instructs Cornelius to send for Peter and so he
says: “I sent for you immediately, and you have been kind enough to come. So
now all of us are here in the presence of God to listen to all that the Lord
has commanded you to say” (Acts 10:32-34). Cornelius states they are all there
to listen to Peter, but even then he acknowledges that they are in “God’s
presence” and that what Peter will say is only “all that the Lord has commanded
you to say.” Cornelius assumes, that is, that Peter will have a message from
God (Johnson, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 191). “Cornelius' recapitulation of his
own vision (vv. 30–3) heightens the solemnity of the scene: we find ourselves
alongside the listeners, poised and expectant ‘in the presence of God’ to hear
what God has commissioned Peter to say (v. 33).” (“Commentary on Acts” in <i>The
Oxford Bible Commentary</i>). In some sense, Peter only realizes right then
himself that he has a message from God for Cornelius and the others. But does
he even know what his message is to be? </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Whether he did when he arrived, he knows it as he begins to speak. “Peter
then moves into a recapitulation of the gospel message he has preached in
Jerusalem, subtly adapted for this Caesarean setting. This is the fullest
summary Luke gives of the gospel story in Acts.” (“Commentary on Acts” in <i>The
Oxford Bible Commentary</i>). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gary
Gilbert states that “the speech summarizes major themes in Acts: Jesus is the
prophesied anointed one and Lord (2.36; 4.33; 8.16; 15.11; 16.31; 19.5; 28.31);
his death has been vindicated by God (2.24, 32; 3.15; 4.10; 5.30; 13.30); the
apostles are chosen witnesses to proclaim Jesus (1.8; 2.32; 3.1513.31; 23.11;
26.16); all experience forgiveness of sins through believing in Jesus (2.38;
5.31; 13.38; 26.18)” (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 220).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Richard Dillon argues that this speech of Peter indicates Lucan composition
and its relationship with early Church tradition more than any other speech in
Acts. In Acts 2-3 Dillon says we have the focus on the call for repentance,
particularly from fellow Jews, now “comes a kerygma of universal forgiveness
under the one appointed judge of the world (vv 42-43), matching the conclusion
of Paul’s speech to the Gentile Athenians (17:30-31) and the argument of 1
Thess 1:10” (Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>, 746). Dillon’s crucial question is this:
“does this sermon represent a traditional teaching pattern out of which the
Synoptic Gospels developed” or “has Luke reshaped the Petrine kerygma into an
outline of the narrative gospel in his own literary genre”? (Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>,
746).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Would it be possible to answer both? It is difficult to see, regardless
of Lucan composition and skill, that this scene does not represent the
realities and decisions that the early Church confronted in bringing the Gospel
to the Gentiles and which included Peter’s own experiences and decisions. What
this speech does is take the “expanded Jesus kerygma,” which begins with “Good
News” to Israel (Acts 10:36), and connects the “Gospel” with Jesus’ earthly
activity (Acts 10:37) (Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>, 746). This speech, therefore, “brings
out the characteristic shape of the story, starting in Galilee after John's
baptism (v. 37), and stressing the charismatic power of Jesus' healing
ministry: nowhere else does Luke make it so clear that he sees all healing as
liberation from demonic power (v. 38 ) (“Commentary on Acts” in <i>The Oxford
Bible Commentary</i>).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This “healing” is now seen as available to anyone as Peter states that
he now understands that “God shows no partiality” but that the experiences of
Cornelius indicate that God is for all who “fear him” and “do what is right” (Acts
10:34-35). Gary Gilbert states that according to the Hebrew scripture “previously
God had not distinguished on the basis of wealth or status (Deut 10.17-18; Sir
35.12-13), but now God does not attend to one’s ethnicity” (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>,
220). God’s “impartiality,” says Johnson, becomes a “central theological axiom,”
which “Peter is just now grasping or coming to understand” (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>,
191).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">“In every nation anyone who fears him and does what is right is
acceptable to him” (Acts 10:35). Indeed, “acceptability before God is open to
those ‘in every nation’ (v. 35) who fear him and perform righteous acts (cf.
Rom 2:10–11, where the same word is used)” (“Commentary on Acts” in <i>The
Oxford Bible Commentary</i>). “Fears him” is found in Ps 15:1-2 and is a
description of Cornelius in 10:22 (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 220). <i>Dektos </i>the
adjective for “acceptable” is used in the LXX to describe “acceptable”
sacrifices received by God (see all of the passages cited in Johnson, <i>Acts</i>,
191). Cornelius is being described, that is, by terms formerly used to describe
righteous Jewish behavior. Gilbert states that the twin themes of “fearing God”
and “doing right” echo the Jewish teachings, pronounced by Jesus also, to love
God and love neighbor (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 220).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The rest of the speech, Acts 10:36-43, give a basic creedal statement
of the early Church. Acts 10:36, “You know the message he sent to the people of
Israel, preaching peace by Jesus Christ—he is Lord of all,” is an oddly worded
summation of Jesus’ work, but stresses two themes: peace brought by the
Messiah; and Christ’s Lordship. “God sends the message about his fairness to
Israel through the work of the Messiah, expressed as the good news of peace,” which
is a messianic blessing (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 191-2). Gilbert stresses that,
particularly in this context, preaching peace is the message of reconciliation
(Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 220). “Lord of all” might have a particular resonance
for the Gentile Cornelius and his friends since it assumes for Jesus the title
of pagan gods, roman emperors and God (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 220), such as Osiris
for instance (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 192).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The next verses, Acts 10:37-38, offer an account of Jesus’ ministry: “That
message spread throughout Judea, beginning in Galilee after the baptism that
John announced: how God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and
with power; how he went about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by
the devil, for God was with him.” In Acts 10:38, the “anointing” of Jesus,
which uses the verb <i>chriô</i>,<i> </i>shows how Luke understood Jesus’
messiahship in prophetic terms (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 192). Jesus is anointed
with the Holy Spirit and <i>dynamis</i>, power, a connection found throughout Acts,
but Jesus “doing good” utilizes the verb <i>euergeteô</i>, which is found only here
in the whole New Testament (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 192). The absence of <i>euergeteô
</i>from the New Testament is fascinating and somewhat surprising, since it was
a common verb that described kings and their benefactions; in fact it appears
as a key element of divine kingship in the Pythagorean kingship documents of
the Hellenistic period. Is it used here by Luke because of its connections to
Gentile kingship as a means of connecting Cornelius and his friends to Jesus’
Messianic kingship? One usage is hardly enough to make a decision, but the
context might be telling. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Part of Jesus’ “doing good” is healing those who were “oppressed by the
devil” (<i>katadynasteuô</i>), a verb which appears only here and in James 2:1,
where it indicates the rich oppressing the poor. “Nowhere else does Luke make
it so clear that he sees all healing as liberation from demonic power (v. 38 )”
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(“Commentary on Acts” in <i>The Oxford
Bible Commentary</i>). Peter’s speech indicates that God must do battle with
Satan’s kingdom and in fact has overcome evil (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 192).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Peter then switches to the witnesses of Jesus’ ministry: “We are
witnesses to all that he did both in Judea and in Jerusalem. They put him to death
by hanging him on a tree; but God raised him on the third day and allowed him
to appear, not to all the people but to us who were chosen by God as witnesses,
and who ate and drank with him after he rose from the dead. He commanded us to
preach to the people and to testify that he is the one ordained by God as judge
of the living and the dead” (Acts 10:39-42). “Peter now repeats the charge that
Jesus was ‘put to death’ (v. 39), though without specifying who was responsible
(for ‘hanging on a tree’ cf. ACTS 5:30) (“Commentary on Acts” in <i>The Oxford
Bible Commentary</i>), but Gilbert must be correct that Luke has in mind the
Jewish leaders as the ones who put Jesus to death in Acts 10:39 (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>,
220). Though the Romans “put him to death by hanging him on a tree,” the tree (<i>xylon</i>)
evokes the curse text of Deut 21:23, “cursed be everyone who hangs on a tree” (Johnson,
<i>Acts</i>, 193).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The witnesses testify to the events of Jesus’ life (10:39) and the
events of his death and resurrection (10:41) (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 193).
Johnson is certainly correct to see the explicit connection between
resurrection appearances and eating with Jesus, which certifies that their
witness is grounded in real, concrete human events (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 193).
This Jesus, who commanded them to witness to his life and resurrection, is also
the judge – a word only used elsewhere in Acts in 17:31 – “of the living and the
dead.” It is Jesus’ role as judge of living and the dead which makes sense of
his role as “Lord of all” (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 193). Finally, it is not only
these living and breathing people who are witnesses to Jesus’ Lordship, but the
Scripture, however relevant this is to Cornelius and his friends at this point:
“All the prophets testify about him that everyone who believes in him receives
forgiveness of sins through his name” (Acts 10:43). Not only is prophetic
fulfillment “central to Luke-Acts” (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 193), it is the
promise of “forgiveness of sins through his name” to “everyone who believes in
him,” even Gentiles. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Peter’s speech ushers in a new Gentile Pentecost in Acts 10:44-48. “While
Peter was still speaking, the Holy Spirit fell upon all who heard the word. The
circumcised believers who had come with Peter were astounded that the gift of
the Holy Spirit had been poured out even on the Gentiles, for they heard them
speaking in tongues and extolling God. Then Peter said, “Can anyone withhold
the water for baptizing these people who have received the Holy Spirit just as
we have?” So he ordered them to be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ. Then
they invited him to stay for several days” (Acts 10:44-48). </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The key in Acts 10:44 is that the Holy Spirit falls upon the “all who
heard the word” and thereby “repeats the events of Pentecost” (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>,
220). It is the third outpouring of the Holy Spirit (2:1-4; 4:3; 8:17) in Acts
and it shocks the “circumcised brothers” who had come from Joppa that the “gift
of the Holy Spirit had been poured out even on the Gentiles” (Acts 10:45). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was no question that it must be the Holy
Spirit because the Gentiles were speaking in tongues, just as the Jewish believers
were at Pentecost. Peter’s understanding of the event proceeds in this manner:
since they are speaking in tongues, the Holy Spirit must be the cause. Since
they have the Holy Spirit, God must have accepted these Gentiles. Since God has
accepted these Gentiles, we must ratify God’s acceptance with baptism. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For Johnson, they significant phrase is Peter saying the Gentiles have
received the Holy Spirit “just as we have” (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 194). “The
act of baptizing Gentile believers (v. 48) follows as a logical consequence:
the structure of Luke's narrative makes it quite clear that the initiative in
this case is God's. The form of the question (‘Can anyone withold?’ v. 47)
recalls the Ethiopian's question about baptism in 8:37: within the narrative,
this is a rhetorical question which expects the answer ‘No’, but the very
existence of the question implies that some at least in Luke's audience might
have preferred to answer ‘Yes’.” (“Commentary on Acts” in <i>The Oxford Bible
Commentary</i>). Peter understands that the presence of the Holy Spirit
indicates that they show evidence of belief in Christ Jesus and so unilaterally
decides to baptize them.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">While it is difficult to find “a climax” in Acts of the Apostles, even
to this point in the book one could argue for Pentecost, or the arrest of Peter
and John, or Stephen’s martyrdom, or Paul’s conversion, the conversion of the
Gentiles here ranks high on the list of events which might be considered as the
“core” of this Gospel. It is hard to imagine Acts without the Gentile mission,
and while the Ethiopian eunuch scene raises questions about previous Gentile
conversion, this is the central conversion event for Luke, the point at which
Acts turns its attention in full to the Gentile mission as the story of the
Church.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Next entry, Peter reports
the Gentile response to the Gospel and his decision to baptize Gentiles to the
Jerusalem Church.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I invite you to follow me on Twitter </i><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I encourage you to “Like” Biblejunkies on </i><a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies"><i>Facebook</i></a><i>.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>This entry is cross-posted at <a href="http://americamagazine.org/content/good-word/acts-apostles-online-commentary-32">America Magazine - The Good Word</a></i></div>
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Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-58705799045913026662016-02-23T06:18:00.000-08:002016-02-23T06:18:01.459-08:00Thank You Readers!<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
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Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-27087673717022218292016-02-15T08:16:00.000-08:002016-02-15T08:22:53.479-08:00Acts of the Apostles Online Commentary (31)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is the thirty-first
entry in the Bible Junkies Online Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. This
entry deals with the initial meeting between Cornelius and Peter. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For previous entries</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, please now go to the </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Complete Acts of the Apostle Commentary</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, where you can find links to each of the
entries updated after each new blog post.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. Contents:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">E) Preparation for
the Gentile Mission: the Conversions of Paul and Cornelius (9:1-12:25): Cornelius
sends men to fetch Peter (10:17-29):</span></div>
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<i><sup>17 </sup>Now while Peter was greatly puzzled
about what to make of the vision that he had seen, suddenly the men sent by
Cornelius appeared. They were asking for Simon’s house and were standing by the
gate. <sup>18 </sup>They called out to ask whether Simon, who was called
Peter, was staying there. <sup>19 </sup>While Peter was still thinking
about the vision, the Spirit said to him, “Look, three men are searching for
you. <sup>20 </sup>Now get up, go down, and go with them without
hesitation; for I have sent them.” <sup>21 </sup>So Peter went down to the
men and said, “I am the one you are looking for; what is the reason for your
coming?” <sup>22 </sup>They answered, “Cornelius, a centurion, an upright
and God-fearing man, who is well spoken of by the whole Jewish nation, was
directed by a holy angel to send for you to come to his house and to hear what
you have to say.” <sup>23 </sup>So Peter invited them in and gave them
lodging.</i></div>
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<i>The next day he got up and went with them, and some of the
believers from Joppa accompanied him. <sup>24 </sup>The following day they
came to Caesarea. Cornelius was expecting them and had called together his
relatives and close friends. <sup>25 </sup>On Peter’s arrival Cornelius
met him, and falling at his feet, worshiped him. <sup>26 </sup>But Peter
made him get up, saying, “Stand up; I am only a mortal.” <sup>27 </sup>And
as he talked with him, he went in and found that many had assembled; <sup>28 </sup>and
he said to them, “You yourselves know that it is unlawful for a Jew to
associate with or to visit a Gentile; but God has shown me that I should not
call anyone profane or unclean. <sup>29 </sup>So when I was sent for, I
came without objection. Now may I ask why you sent for me?” </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+10&version=NRSVCE"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">NRSV</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Richard Pervo says of this scene that “the narrative is lively, pivoting
back and forth between the visitors and Peter. Direct speech predominates” (Pervo,
<i>Acts</i>, 271). This is a good overall summation of a scene that can easily
be overlooked, since the only action is Cornelius’s men going to bring Peter to
see their master. The liveliness, though, comes from the interplay of divine
action, which drives the whole narrative of Acts, and the human response,
especially of Peter, as he begins to puzzle out what is taking place. Robert W.
Wall, in <i>The New Interpreter’s Bible. Volume X</i></span>,<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> states that “several coincidental incidents
occur that that gradually illumine Peter’s understanding of his vision” (Wall, <i>The
New Interpreter’s Bible</i>, 164), except <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that the point of these incidents is that they
are not coincidental, but directed by God from beginning to end, yet the human participants
must make sense of them and respond to God’s action. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Luke’s first great piece of scene making is to show us Peter still
confused by his vision – “Peter was greatly puzzled about what to make of the
vision” – when “the men sent by Cornelius appeared” (Acts 10:17). Although we
as readers have a better sense of the overall picture, since we are privy to
Cornelius’s experiences, Peter remains confused. He does not gain immediate
clarity about what he has seen.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Cornelius’s men were “asking for Simon’s house and were standing by the
gate” (Acts 10:17); supposedly they are asking for Simon the tanner’s house,
where Simon Peter is staying. They called out to see whether Simon Peter was
there and it is at this point “Peter was still thinking about the vision” (Acts
10:18-19). This is what Wall means by “coincidence,” but for Luke it is the
Spirit that directs even this minor action. Whether Simon Peter heard them or
not, “the Spirit said to him, ‘Look, three men are searching for you. Now get
up, go down, and go with them without hesitation; for I have sent them’” (Acts
10:19-20). </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">It is not odd that the Spirit speaks to Peter directly, for all of this
information, of course, such as where to find Peter and sending men on to
locate him, has been passed on to Cornelius via a previous angelic visitation
(Acts 10:4-6). Joseph Fitzmyer says rightly that “heaven’s guidance moves the
story” (Fitzmyer, <i>Acts</i>, 456) and Pervo points to the “interchangeability”
of the Spirit and Jesus in Acts (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 272). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Still this literary alignment is significant for understanding how God
directs all of the players; we must remember Peter and Cornelius have never
met. As far as we know, Cornelius has never met a follower of Jesus before. But
even more directly, it is the Spirit who actually guides Peter, vetting Cornelius’s
men and supporting their bona fides as from God also. Peter is directed to accept
these men by God’s command in Acts 10:20. Indeed they have been “sent” (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">apostellô</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">) by God, just as the apostles were (Pervo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 272). Peter is
basically told not to question the course of the events which will soon unfold
(Johnson, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 185) for “the message these men bring him
accords with divine purpose” (Wall, <i>The New Interpreter’s Bible</i>, 164). He
was told, in fact, to go “without hesitation” (<i>mēden diakrinomenos</i>),
which “means to act without pausing to doubt its merit” (Wall, <i>The New
Interpreter’s Bible</i>, 164).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The “Commentary on Acts” in <i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i>. <i>Oxford
Biblical Studies Online</i> makes another important point about the phrase <i>mēden
diakrinomenos</i>, saying it is “an ambiguous verb whose double meaning is
important for the story's development (Johnson 1992: 185): it can simply mean
‘without hesitation’ (so NRSV), but also carries the sense ‘without making
distinctions’, ‘without discrimination’.” This sense is already implicit in
Peter's action in inviting his guests in and making them welcome” since we know
they are Gentiles, which Peter obviously does as well. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Wall suggests that “Peter’s question, ‘Why have you come?’ (Acts 10:21)
challenges the Spirit’s earlier instruction, “Go with them without hesitation’”
(Wall, <i>The New Interpreter’s Bible</i>, 164), but that need not be the case.
Peter did what the Spirit said; Peter is seeking meaning not rejecting his
call. Peter, recall, is still puzzling over the meaning of his vision, so it is
not odd to follow the Spirit’s urging but yet wonder and ask, “What is the
reason for your coming?” (Acts 10:21).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Peter identifies himself as the one they are seeking and then the men identify
Cornelius as the agent who has sent them, and describe who Cornelius is, but
also that an angel sent Cornelius to find Peter (Acts 10:21-22). The word
translated as “directed,”<i>chrêmatizô</i></span>, is<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> a much stronger word than our directed, however, and “denotes a
revelatory word from God” (Wall, <i>The New Interpreter’s Bible</i>, 164; see
also Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 185). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Cornelius is also described not as a “devout man,” as he was in Acts
10:2, but as a “righteous man,” usually used to describe someone who has
followed the Torah (Wall, <i>The New Interpreter’s Bible</i>, 164). Pervo sees
“righteous” as related to Cornelius’s charitable activity (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>,
272) on behalf of the Jewish people, but Fitzmyer (<i>Acts</i>, 457) sees it as
“observant,” a religious term, which I think could include Cornelius’s
charitable activity. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Peter trusts them and invites them in (Acts 10:23), specifically Wall
thinks because Peter accepts that Cornelius has received a word from God (Wall,
<i>The New Interpreter’s Bible</i>, 164; also Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 272). Pervo makes
the point that Peter offers them hospitality in someone else’s home (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>,
272; see also Fitzmyer, <i>Acts</i>, 457), but that “hospitality implies the
acceptance of social bond” (see also Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 185). Just as
important, I think, for the later development of the story is that though they
are Gentiles, Peter “has no hesitation in dining with such guests” (Fitzmyer, <i>Acts</i>,
457).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Wall believes that “the reader must presume that Peter now understands the
intent of his vision and has accepted the prospect of a Gentile mission as a
feature of God’s plan of salvation” (Wall, <i>The New Interpreter’s Bible</i>,
164), but that seems a little strong! Peter has been puzzling over his own
vision, and he has asked why they are there and trusts they are from God, but
they have not yet answered what their purpose is in seeking Peter. It is certain
that they do not yet know their broader purpose in getting Peter, since Peter
and Cornelius do not know themselves yet.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">What Peter is willing to do, however, is follow the Spirit’s commands and
travel with them accompanied by some fellow believers from Joppa to Caesarea (Acts
10:23). The day after “they came to Caesarea. Cornelius was expecting them and
had called together his relatives and close friends” (Acts 10:24). Cornelius
has a crowd waiting and as Wall says importantly, “his relatives and close
friends” comprise his extended household and </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">oikos</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (“household”)</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">is
a prime location of God’s saving actions in Acts for Luke (Wall, <i>The New
Interpreter’s Bible</i>, 164, n.415). Indeed, the focus on the extended “household”
in Acts is something to pay close attention to in the Gentile environment.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">When Peter arrived, “Cornelius met him, and falling at his feet,
worshiped him” (Acts 10:25). Cornelius’s mistake, trying to “worship” Peter, will
appear again in Gentile contexts in Acts. Pervo sees this as connected to the eastern
Roman practice of ruler cult activity and not necessarily to indicate that
Peter is a god (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 273). The verb is <i>proskynein</i>, which was
often used to describe obeisance made especially to an eastern ruler (Fitzmyer,
<i>Acts</i>, 461). Wall says that “for all his religious devotion Cornelius is
not yet a believer and still makes theological mistakes” (Wall, <i>The New
Interpreter’s Bible</i>, 164), but I think the point here might be broader.
Jesus was already being worshipped and on the surface, he seems just a human. This
is not just about Gentile worshippers, however, but also about the Jewish
believers’ worship of Jesus. This scene contains an implicit claim about the
nature of Jesus: if he is worshipped, it is because he is not just a human
being.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Peter rejects the worship of Cornelius, saying “Stand up; I am only a
mortal” (Acts 10:26). Peter rejects worship just as Moses, according to Philo
of Alexandria, also spurned deification (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 274). Peter then
finds out that “many had assembled” and then tells them that “You yourselves know
that it is unlawful for a Jew to associate with or to visit a Gentile; but God
has shown me that I should not call anyone profane or unclean. So when I was
sent for, I came without objection. Now may I ask why you sent for me?” (Acts
10:27-29).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Peter says it is not lawful “for a Jew to associate with or to visit a
Gentile,” but is that actually true? Given that Peter has just travelled a day
with the representatives of Cornelius and supposedly eaten with them, what are
we to make of this blanket statement? Whether Gentiles are inherently ritually
unclean is a disputed question. Many scholars say no and Fitzmyer sees the
claim as problematic (Fitzmyer, <i>Acts</i>, 461; see also Wall, <i>The New
Interpreter’s Bible</i>, 165, n.418). But Wall says that if we are speaking in a
cultic context it could be true (Wall, <i>The New Interpreter’s Bible</i>, 165).
Pervo states, rightly, that “there was no specific commandment against
intercourse with Gentiles. Observance of purity codes prevented the strictly
observant from such activities as eating in gentile homes” (Pervo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 274). Johnson agrees, saying it depended on the Jewish group (Johnson,
<i>Acts</i>, 190).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Gilbert, however, in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">JANT</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 219, offers the best summary statement,
accounting for all of these aspects of thought: “fear of committing idolatry
and desire to avoid prohibited foods required care in how Jews associated with
Gentiles. Peter’s statement, however, is rarely reflected in Jewish writings
(cf. Jub 22:16), but represents a common perspective among Gentiles (e.g.,
Philo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spec. Law.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> 2.167; Tacitus, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hist.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> 5.1-13). Actual
practice among Jews would not have supported this view, as for instance the existence
of a “Court of the Gentiles” at the Temple would indicate.” It seems as if Peter
is saying that he no longer needs to take care in associating with Gentiles,
but a new stage in relationship between Jews and Gentiles has been achieved
somehow. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For Peter then connects his vision of unclean animals to Gentiles and
that he should not call “anyone” profane or unclean (Fitzmyer, <i>Acts</i>,
461). Wall says that Peter recognizes the “subtext” of what God has shown him by
declaring all animals “clean” (Wall, <i>The New Interpreter’s Bible</i>, 165; Johnson,
<i>Acts</i>, 190), but I think it is a more interesting step by Peter. As Pervo
says, Peter is not a puppet here “despite all the apparatus of divine control”
and “Acts sets forth the understanding that the impetus for the gentile mission
resulted from a decision that a revelation was to be interpreted in a symbolic
manner” (Pervo, <i>Acts</i>, 275; see also “Commentary on Acts” in <i>The
Oxford Bible Commentary</i></span>).<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is such an important point since the fact that foods are no longer
“unclean” does not necessarily move directly to the belief that Gentiles whatever
they eat or however they worship are in a state of purity; it is an
interpretive step. And even having made that interpretive step, Peter is still
not sure what the import of it is, as he still asks, “Now may I ask why you
sent for me?” (Acts 10:29). We might think it is obvious, but I believe Luke
has properly set up the early Christian dilemma: how can Gentiles be invited
into the community of believers as Gentiles? Peter’s question, basically, “so
what do you want?,” does not have an easy or obvious answer for him. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Next entry, Cornelius
explains himself and Peter shares the Gospel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I invite you to follow me on Twitter </i><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
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<i>I encourage you to “Like” Biblejunkies on </i><a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies"><i>Facebook</i></a><i>.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>This entry is cross-posted at <a href="http://americamagazine.org/content/good-word/acts-apostles-online-commentary-31">America Magazine - The Good Word</a></i></div>
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Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-48159593786121262372016-01-18T20:02:00.000-08:002016-01-18T20:09:14.008-08:00Acts of the Apostles Online Commentary (30)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is the thirtieth
entry in the Bible Junkies Online Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. This
entry deals with Cornelius’s vision and Peter’s trance. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For previous entries</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, please now go to the </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Complete Acts of the Apostle Commentary</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, where you can find links to each of the
entries updated after each new blog post.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. Contents:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">E) Preparation for
the Gentile Mission: the Conversions of Paul and Cornelius (9:1-12:25): Cornelius’s
vision and Peter’s trance (10:1-16):</span></div>
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<i><sup>1</sup>In Caesarea there was a man named Cornelius, a
centurion of the Italian Cohort, as it was called. <sup>2 </sup>He was a
devout man who feared God with all his household; he gave alms generously to
the people and prayed constantly to God. <sup>3 </sup>One afternoon at
about three o’clock he had a vision in which he clearly saw an angel of God
coming in and saying to him, “Cornelius.” <sup>4 </sup>He stared at him in
terror and said, “What is it, Lord?” He answered, “Your prayers and your alms
have ascended as a memorial before God. <sup>5 </sup>Now send men to Joppa
for a certain Simon who is called Peter; <sup>6 </sup>he is lodging with
Simon, a tanner, whose house is by the seaside.” <sup>7 </sup>When the
angel who spoke to him had left, he called two of his slaves and a devout
soldier from the ranks of those who served him, <sup>8 </sup>and after
telling them everything, he sent them to Joppa.</i></div>
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<i><sup>9 </sup>About noon the next day, as they were on
their journey and approaching the city, Peter went up on the roof to pray. <sup>10 </sup>He
became hungry and wanted something to eat; and while it was being prepared, he
fell into a trance. <sup>11 </sup>He saw the heaven opened and something
like a large sheet coming down, being lowered to the ground by its four
corners. <sup>12 </sup>In it were all kinds of four-footed creatures and
reptiles and birds of the air. <sup>13 </sup>Then he heard a voice saying,
“Get up, Peter; kill and eat.” <sup>14 </sup>But Peter said, “By no means,
Lord; for I have never eaten anything that is profane or unclean.” <sup>15 </sup>The
voice said to him again, a second time, “What God has made clean, you must not
call profane.” <sup>16 </sup>This happened three times, and the thing was
suddenly taken up to heaven. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+10&version=NRSVCE"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">NRSV</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">When last we saw Peter, he had remained in Joppa, about 32 miles from Caesarea
where the action resumes. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The scene
which unfolds in Caesarea will soon draw Peter into its narrative, but now the
focus is on Cornelius, who is a Roman centurion. Many of the essential events
in this narrative will be repeated in Acts 11:1-18, and referenced in Acts
15:7-9, which points to their centrality not just to Acts but to the burgeoning
early Christian movement. Without question Luke presents this as the central
event in the movement of the Gospel to the Gentiles; though Acts 8:26-39 (<a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/09/acts-of-apostles-online-commentary-25.html">Acts
Online Commentary 25</a>) also raises the issue of the whether the Ethiopian eunuch
is a Gentile when the deacon Philip baptizes him, this begins the key chapters
of Gentile inclusion in Acts.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">We are presented with information about Cornelius quickly. His name is quintessentially
Roman and he is “a centurion of the Italian Cohort” (Acts 10:1). As the “Commentary
on Acts” in <i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i>. <i>Oxford Biblical Studies
Online</i> says, a centurion belonged to “the non-commissioned officer class
who were the backbone of the Roman army…The ‘Italian Cohort’ is known from
inscriptional evidence to have been in Syria before 69, though we do not have
precise details about its stationing.” In introducing us to the first
significant Gentile character, Luke’s historical interests have again been
confirmed. And Luke does not only introduce us to a Gentile, but someone who is
a part of the Roman military class. The Gospel we will soon see is not
incompatible with Gentiles or Roman citizens.</span></div>
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We are also told quite quickly
that Cornelius “was a devout man who feared God with all his household; he gave
alms generously to the people and prayed constantly to God” (Acts 10:2). The
word “devout” (<i>eusebês</i>) was commonly used to describe pious members of
Greco-Roman religions, but the fact that he “feared God,” “gave alms generously,”
and “prayed constantly to God,” indicates the worship of the one God of the
Jews through common Jewish practices and the support of the Jewish people
through almsgiving. Not only this, but his entire household (<i>oikos</i>),
which would contain his extended family and perhaps also his servants and
slaves, are also said to fear God. <sup> </sup></div>
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There will be other occasions in
Acts where whole households are said to believe, or turn to follow Jesus, and
where they are described as “Godfearers.” Some scholars now doubt that Luke’s
designation(s) of “devout” Jews or “Godfearers” reflect a formal religious
category, “<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">but the probability that
some such group existed now seems to have been confirmed, at least for some
diaspora cities, by the discovery of an inscription in Aphrodisias which
includes a category of <i>theosebeis</i> among a list of charitable donors to a
synagogue (Levinskaya <a href="http://www.oxfordbiblicalstudies.com.ezproxy.stthomas.edu/article/book/obso-9780198755005/obso-9780198755005-bibliographyGroup-59#obso-9780198755005-bibItem-2048">1996</a>:
51–82: Barrett <a href="http://www.oxfordbiblicalstudies.com.ezproxy.stthomas.edu/article/book/obso-9780198755005/obso-9780198755005-bibliographyGroup-59#obso-9780198755005-bibItem-2033">1994–9</a>:
i. 500–1)” (“Acts” in <i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i>).</span></div>
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Cornelius has clearly embraced the
God of the Jews, even if he is not circumcised, and his vision (<i>horama</i>)
takes place at the hour of afternoon prayer in the Temple (see Acts 3:1; <a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/01/acts-of-apostles-online-commentary-8.html">Acts
Online Commentary 8</a>), which is certainly not intended as a coincidence. In
his vision, “he clearly saw an angel of God coming in and saying to him, ‘Cornelius.’
He stared at him in terror and said, ‘What is it, Lord?’ He answered, ‘Your
prayers and your alms have ascended as a memorial before God’” (Acts 10:3-4). </div>
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<br /></div>
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While the messenger (<i>angelos</i>)
of God frightens Cornelius, a common aspect of divine visitation or appearance
in the Bible, the message is entirely positive: God has heard the prayers and
considered the alms of this Roman soldier, which “ascended as a memorial”! God
hears the prayers, considers the alms, and remembers, even if the worshipper is
a Gentile. </div>
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<br /></div>
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But the task is not yet completed.
Cornelius is told by the angel to send for Peter who is lodging with Simon the
tanner in Joppa (Acts 10:5-6). Luke’s detail here is intended to tell us that
this is not simply a figment of Cornelius’s imagination, but is grounded in
historical reality, to go and see people who actually exist. “<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">When the angel who spoke to him had left, he
called two of his slaves and a devout soldier from the ranks of those who
served him, and after telling them everything, he sent them to Joppa” (Acts
10:7-8). </span></div>
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Cornelius himself does not carry
out the job but sends some members of his household, including a “devout” (<i>eusebês</i>)
soldier. It is obvious that Cornelius is not the only Gentile who has been
attracted to the God and the worship of the Jews. Or, perhaps we could say, God
has not just reached out to Cornelius, but is reaching out to many Gentiles.</div>
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<br /></div>
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At this point, Luke switches
narrative focus, indicating how God has been directing all of the action for
all of the parties, not just Cornelius. As Cornelius’s people approach Joppa, “Peter
went up on the roof to pray. He became hungry and wanted something to eat; and
while it was being prepared, he fell into a trance” (Acts 10:9-10). The scene
with Peter presents the events of a regular day, prayer and hunger, turning to
ecstasy or trance <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(<i>ekstasis</i>). </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">kstasis</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> is a stronger word than that used to
describe Cornelius’s vision (<i>horama</i></span>), but the important point is that
it is God directing Peter through this ecstatic experience.</div>
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<br /></div>
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It is not clear if Peter’s hunger
is to be understood as the connecting thread for what he sees in his vision,
but Peter sees a broad range of animals, mimicking the order of creation of
Genesis 1. Peter “saw the heaven opened and something like a large sheet coming
down, being lowered to the ground by its four corners. In it were all kinds of
four-footed creatures and reptiles and birds of the air” (Acts 10:11-12). The
word for “sheet” <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(<i>skeuos</i>), more
generally translated as a container, is made of fine linen (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">othonê</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">), and this could also indicate a sail. Of the animals in this heavenly
sheet, many of them would be forbidden to eat for a practicing Jew.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Peter is then given directions during his vision, just as Cornelius was
in his vision. Peter is told, “Get up, Peter; kill and eat” (Acts 10:13). Peter’s
response is entirely sensible for a Jew, “By no means, Lord; for I have never
eaten anything that is profane (<i>koinos</i></span>, “common”)<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> or unclean (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">akathartos</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)” (Acts 10:14).
Peter is then told by the voice that “what God has made clean (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ekatharisen</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">), you must not call profane (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koinou</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)” (Acts 10:15). “This
happened three times, and the thing was suddenly taken up to heaven” (Acts 10:16).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Though some commentators have disputed it, it must be the case that the
strange vision of the “unclean” and “profane” animals which Peter is now
instructed to eat, against the express direction of the Torah (see Leviticus
11:47 for example), is related to the coming of the Gentile party to Peter and,
looking ahead, to the coming of the Gentiles to the Church. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">God is directing these events, not Cornelius and not Peter, and if the
Gentiles are now being invited into the community by God, God must also be
preparing Peter to welcome them as Gentiles by accepting their food as clean.
The scene makes no sense otherwise. Jews were supposed to make a distinction
between clean and unclean animals; why would that now change for Peter unless
something else had happened, something which we have been witness to as readers
but Peter does not yet know? Indeed, it has not changed just for Peter, but God
has made these animals “clean.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Something new is
happening and it is obvious that Peter, and the other Christians, are still
operating, up to this point, with the understanding that Jewish food laws are intact.
But the visions of Cornelius and Peter are pointing us in a new direction.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Next entry, Cornelius
meets Peter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
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<i>This entry is cross-posted at </i><a href="http://americamagazine.org/content/good-word/acts-apostles-online-commentary-30"><i>America Magazine - The Good Word</i></a></div>
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Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-74750864009222114612015-12-28T17:04:00.001-08:002016-01-14T20:32:54.626-08:00Acts of the Apostles Online Commentary (29)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is the twenty-ninth
entry in the Bible Junkies Online Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. This
entry deals with Peter’s missionary travels to Lydda and Joppa and his powerful
encounter with Tabitha. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For previous entries</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, please now go to the </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Complete Acts of the Apostle Commentary</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, where you can find links to each of the
entries updated after each new blog post.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. Contents:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">E) Preparation for
the Gentile Mission: the Conversions of Paul and Cornelius (9:1-12:25): Peter’s
initial missionary activities outside of Jerusalem (9:32-43):</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<i><sup>32 </sup>Now as Peter went here and there among
all the believers, he came down also to the saints living in Lydda. <sup>33 </sup>There
he found a man named Aeneas, who had been bedridden for eight years, for he was
paralyzed. <sup>34 </sup>Peter said to him, “Aeneas, Jesus Christ heals
you; get up and make your bed!” And immediately he got up. <sup>35 </sup>And
all the residents of Lydda and Sharon saw him and turned to the Lord.<sup>36 </sup>Now
in Joppa there was a disciple whose name was Tabitha, which in Greek is Dorcas.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was devoted to good works and acts
of charity. <sup>37 </sup>At that time she became ill and died. When they
had washed her, they laid her in a room upstairs. <sup>38 </sup>Since
Lydda was near Joppa, the disciples, who heard that Peter was there, sent two
men to him with the request, “Please come to us without delay.” <sup>39 </sup>So
Peter got up and went with them; and when he arrived, they took him to the room
upstairs. All the widows stood beside him, weeping and showing tunics and other
clothing that Dorcas had made while she was with them. <sup>40 </sup>Peter
put all of them outside, and then he knelt down and prayed. He turned to the
body and said, “Tabitha, get up.” Then she opened her eyes, and seeing Peter,
she sat up. <sup>41 </sup>He gave her his hand and helped her up. Then
calling the saints and widows, he showed her to be alive. <sup>42 </sup>This
became known throughout Joppa, and many believed in the Lord. <sup>43 </sup>Meanwhile
he stayed in Joppa for some time with a certain Simon, a tanner. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span><a href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/nrsa/acts/9.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">NRSV</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">“Rise up” (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">anastêthi</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">), or “get up” in the NRSV translation, is
said by Peter to both of the parties healed in this narrative, which links
these two miracle stories with the power of the resurrection of Jesus. In a
figurative sense we could also say it refers to Peter getting up and leaving
Jerusalem to begin his activity as a missionary or something like a circuit
rider, travelling from town to town, visiting disciples of Jesus. We do not
learn how these people became disciples, we simply know that believers are
present. Were they converted due to Jesus’ own ministry? To other missionary
travels of the apostles? Or to the preaching of disciples other than the apostles?
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">What we learn is simply that the movement of the Gospel has continued
from Jerusalem, without any clues as to how it arrived, and “as Peter went here
and there among all the believers, he came down also to the saints living in
Lydda” (Acts 9:32). Luke describes the general movement of Peter from “here and
there,” which is intended to suggest the common reality of Christian disciples
throughout the region however their communities were formed. Lydda itself,
named by Luke, is the OT Lod (1 Chron 8:12; 1 Macc 11:34), a city around twenty-five
miles NW of Jerusalem. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">When Peter arrived in Lydda, “he found a man named Aeneas, who had been
bedridden for eight years, for he was paralyzed” (Acts 9:33). Luke gives us
details in this account, the city, the personal name, the ailment, and the
amount of time Aeneas has been stricken, details which add a degree of
verisimilitude to the story. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peter
himself gets right down to business saying, “’Aeneas, Jesus Christ heals you;
get up and make your bed!’ And immediately he got up” (Acts 9:34).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Aeneas was paralyzed, which connects this healing miracle to Luke
5:17-26. Another detail is even more significant for the command upon his
healing to make his bed is based upon Luke 5:24. Luke Timothy Johnson notes
that the Greek of this phrase, <i>strosôn seautô</i>, is difficult since it
means “spread/strew things for yourself,” but that in context it clearly means
he can get up and do things for himself, in this case, he can make his bed (Johnson,
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 177). The truth of the healing is supported by the command to do
things only someone who can walk and move about is capable of doing.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">As a result of this healing “all the residents of Lydda and Sharon saw
him and turned to the Lord” (Acts 9:35). The healing leads to conversion, for signs
and wonders in Acts, miracles that is, are the means by which people are
convinced of the power of the Gospel. Note that it is the </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Christus praesens </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">that heals Aeneas here not Peter (Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>,
745): “Jesus Christ heals you.” But this power leads to belief in Christ.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">A further
geographical note is added by Luke when he mentions that not only the people of
Lydda, but also of “the” Sharon – a definite article is present in the Greek –
turned to the Lord. The Sharon is not a city or town, but a district, the Plain
of Sharon (Isaiah 33:9), located between Caesarea and Joppa. This detail connects
us to the next healing. Joppa the famous port city (2 Chron 2:16), which today
is called Jaffa, is twelve miles farther NW from Lydda. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">“Now in Joppa there
was a disciple whose name was Tabitha, which in Greek is Dorcas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was devoted to good works and acts of
charity” (Acts 9:36). Tabitha is described as a </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mathêtria</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, a female
disciple, the only time in the NT this form of the word is used (Johnson, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 177). Tabitha means “gazelle” in Aramaic and T. E. Page says that “Dorcas”
is actually an adjective which means “the creature with the beautiful look” or “beautiful
eyes” (Page, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 142). But Johnson says Dorcas is simply
Greek for gazelle and is used to translate the Hebrew gazelle (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">zebi/zebiah</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">) in the LXX in Deut 12:15, 2 Sam 2:18, and in Song of Songs 2:9 and
8:14 to define the beloved (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 177). The translation of the
name to Dorcas in this account shows that this is an early Jewish-Christian
story passed on by (or to) Hellenized Christians (Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>, 745).
Once again, though, we have the important personal detail of the name.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">More than that,
Tabitha was noted for “good works and acts of charity,” which could include
almsgiving among her other activities (Johnson, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 177). As with Lydda,
though, we do not know how the Gospel spread to Joppa or who spread it and how
the assemblies met and gathered there. We get some tantalizing hints in this
story, which I will discuss below, but nothing more. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For instance, Tabitha
“became ill and died. When they had washed her, they laid her in a room
upstairs” (Acts 9:37). Who are “they”? Family? Other disciples? Are they in
Tabitha’s home? A house church which she runs, perhaps, given her good works
and acts of charity? They wash her body in preparation for burial, but it is
odd that Luke omits the anointing of the body which is essential for Jewish
burial. Is it a clue that she will not be buried, or simply an omission of a
detail by someone who was not Jewish?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Luke then tells us
that “since Lydda was near Joppa, the disciples, who heard that Peter was
there, sent two men to him with the request, ‘Please come to us without delay’”
(Acts 9:38). We learn here that the “they” who prepared Tabitha’s body must be
disciples of Jesus, since they are noted as disciples in this verse. In
addition, they know of and send for Peter, so they are clearly connected to
other disciples including the apostles. So, another tantalizing hint is given:
is it possible that Tabitha lived in community with the people who washed her
body, as did the disciples in Jerusalem? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Not only do they
send emissaries to Peter, but we find that Peter responds positively to the emissaries:
“Peter got up and went with them; and when he arrived, they took him to the
room upstairs. All the widows stood beside him, weeping and showing tunics and
other clothing that Dorcas had made while she was with them” (Acts 9:39). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This prepares us for the next narrative when Peter
will respond to requests from other messengers to go and visit Cornelius. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This verse tells us
more about Tabitha. There are a group of widows. Indeed, in this passage it
seems as if the disciples specifically are widows, since that is how the group is
described, but we do not know if they comprise the whole group of disciples in
Joppa. We must suspect they are not all women since in Acts 9:38 two men were
sent as messengers to Peter. As to the widows themselves, is Tabitha part of the
group, a widow herself? Or are the widows the recipients of her charity (Johnson,
<i>Acts</i>, 178)?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The widows are “showing”
the clothing Tabitha made, but Page says it is more than “showing.” He says the
verb </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">epideiknymenai </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">indicates</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">more a sense of displaying
or exhibiting and “conveys the idea of ‘showing with pride,’ ‘satisfaction’” (Page,
<i>Acts</i>, 142). What Tabitha has made, c</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hitonas kai himatia</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, are first
the undergarments and second the flowing outer garments which comprised the
basic wardrobe (Page, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 142). After this description of the
clothes is </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hosa</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, a relative adjective, which does not
emerge in the English translation clearly, but describes the clothes with the
sense of “as great as, as far as, how much, how many,” which indicates that Tabitha
had made many clothes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The next section is
clearly modeled on Jesus’ healing of Jairus’ daughter in Mark 5 and in Luke 7:11-16
(Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>, 745; Page, <i>Acts</i>, 142; Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 178). “Peter
put all of them outside, and then he knelt down and prayed. He turned to the
body and said, ‘Tabitha, get up.’ Then she opened her eyes, and seeing Peter,
she sat up” (Acts 9:40). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The story has
OT resurrection story models also (see 1 Kings 17:17-24 and 2 Kings 4:32-37) (Dillon,
<i>NJBC</i>, 745), but clearly the precedent here is Jesus’ raising up of those
who have died. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For example, in
Mark 5:40, Jesus asks all the people present to leave, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ekbalôn pantas</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">; here in Acts Peter says, <i>ekbalôn exô pantas</i></span>. In
addition, apart from the linguistic connection, there are the messengers
bringing the healer, the weeping of the friends, the call by the healer to rise
up, and the taking of the healed by the hand.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> I think it is even possible that the phrasing is modeled on Jesus’
healing of Jairus’ daughter in Mark. In Aramaic, Jesus says, “Talitha koum”
(Mark 5:41; Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>, 745). Peter says, “Tabitha get up;” if also in
Aramaic, it would be “Tabitha koum.” An interesting – perhaps intended –
similarity.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">There is one
interesting discrepancy with the first miracle of Aeneas, however, and the
pattern in Acts generally, and that is that Christ’s name is not invoked in the
healing. Peter simply says, “Tabitha get up.” Why is this the case? Luke would
not want to attribute the power to Peter himself, but perhaps it is to show the
connection to Jesus’ own healing of Jairus’ daughter linguistically in terms of
the simple command. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">When Tabitha has
been brought back to life, Peter “gave her his hand and helped her up. Then
calling the saints and widows, he showed her to be alive” (Acts 9:41). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Greek for “showed her to be alive” (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">parestêsen heauton zônta</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">) is virtually identical to Acts 1:3 and the
description of Jesus, which indicates that this same power is working through
Peter and active in Tabitha (Johnson, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 178). We also learn
in this verse that in the community there are definitely both men and women,
since we have the widows once again mentioned, but also the </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hagious</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, masculine for “holy ones.” Do they all live together in community as
did the disciples in Jerusalem? It is intriguing to think that Tabitha may have
been the owner of the house whose charity and good works consisted of supporting
the community, but there is too much supposition in this proposal to be
certain. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Tabitha’s rising up
from the dead “became known throughout Joppa, and many believed in the Lord. Meanwhile
he stayed in Joppa for some time with a certain Simon, a tanner” (Acts
9:42-43). This is obviously an even more significant miracle than the previous
one for Peter raises Tabitha up from the dead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Of course the result of this event was the spread of the Gospel message,
as with the previous miracle. The note that many believed in the Lord does
indicate, even though Luke does not mention that Peter’s miracle was done in
Jesus’ name, that these activities were done through Jesus’ power and led to
belief in the Lord. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Peter stayed with
Simon the tanner (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">byrsei</i>) for “s<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ome time” (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hikanas</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">). </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hikanas</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> is a common word in Acts for time, number, size; it indicates
something which does not fall short or is sufficient or adequate for what is
needed. It is relative in meaning depending on the situation, thing, or event (Page,
<i>Acts</i>, 143). It means that Peter spent as much time as was needed by the
people of Joppa, but does not give us a solid number. Again, however, the name and
occupation of Simon the tanner give authenticity to the story (Johnson, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 178). The fact that </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">byrsei</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, tanner, was held to be an unclean profession
by the Jews is an interesting detail (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">m. Ket. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">7:10; Page, <i>Acts</i>,
143). It sets us up in some ways for Peter to go to see a Gentile and to be
among many potentially unclean people. In Luke’s schema it is important that
Peter inaugurates the world mission to the Gentiles not Paul (Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>,
745). And the two miracles performed by Peter set us up for his encounter with
Cornelius. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Next entry, Cornelius
and Peter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I invite you to follow me on Twitter </i><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
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<i>I encourage you to “Like” Biblejunkies on </i><a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies"><i>Facebook</i></a><i>.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>This entry is cross-posted at </i><a href="http://americamagazine.org/content/good-word/acts-apostles-online-commentary-29"><i>AmericaMagazine - The Good Word</i></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-13161153605545397532015-12-18T07:50:00.000-08:002015-12-18T07:50:38.317-08:00Acts of the Apostles Online Commentary (28)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is the twenty-eighth
entry in the Bible Junkies Online Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. This
entry deals with Saul’s initial activities as a disciple of Jesus in Damascus, Jerusalem,
and Tarsus. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html">For
previous entries</a>, please now go to the <a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html">Complete
Acts of the Apostle Commentary</a>, where you can find links to each of the
entries updated after each new blog post.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJwI1rIGyO2LNN7XnikDPMLU7bZ93MUBnOONLWtHkmhhJPNYqSI-8CT4DqUq1Q4vsO3Y5MQvt4eGVZ51YEXdqTQjoBGcPBzw4_e0gnDL6ozPY4ewgOBif8dW9DbqFCEc6Jx7yQ5fYtm4kl/s1600/Acts+of+the+Apostles+Minuscule_223_%2528GA%2529_f11r.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJwI1rIGyO2LNN7XnikDPMLU7bZ93MUBnOONLWtHkmhhJPNYqSI-8CT4DqUq1Q4vsO3Y5MQvt4eGVZ51YEXdqTQjoBGcPBzw4_e0gnDL6ozPY4ewgOBif8dW9DbqFCEc6Jx7yQ5fYtm4kl/s320/Acts+of+the+Apostles+Minuscule_223_%2528GA%2529_f11r.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. Contents:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">E) Preparation for
the Gentile Mission: the Conversions of Paul and Cornelius (9:1-12:25): Saul’s initial
activities as a disciple of Jesus (9:23-31):</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<i>23 After some time had passed, the Jews plotted to kill
him, 24 but their plot became known to Saul. They were watching the gates day
and night so that they might kill him; 25 but his disciples took him by night
and let him down through an opening in the wall, lowering him in a basket. 26
When he had come to Jerusalem, he attempted to join the disciples; and they
were all afraid of him, for they did not believe that he was a disciple. 27 But
Barnabas took him, brought him to the apostles, and described for them how on
the road he had seen the Lord, who had spoken to him, and how in Damascus he
had spoken boldly in the name of Jesus. 28 So he went in and out among them in
Jerusalem, speaking boldly in the name of the Lord. 29 He spoke and argued with
the Hellenists; but they were attempting to kill him. 30 When the believers
learned of it, they brought him down to Caesarea and sent him off to Tarsus. 31
Meanwhile the church throughout Judea, Galilee, and Samaria had peace and was
built up. Living in the fear of the Lord and in the comfort of the Holy Spirit,
it increased in numbers. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(<a href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/nrsa/acts/9.html">NRSV</a>)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Prior to reading
this entry it would be wise to check out Galatians 1-2 and 2 Corinthians 11, passages
which are correlated to the historical narrative described in this section of
Acts, in order to gain proper context on the events described here. At least,
you should have a Bible (or Biblegateway.com) at the ready to examine these
passages as you read through this entry. I should also mention that although
the name given in Acts is still Saul, I will also refer to him as Paul here
because of the use of Paul’s letters. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Because we have
Pauline accounts, Gal 1:11-24 and 2 Cor 11:32-33, which are clearly related to the
historical events outlined in this passage, it is important to compare them
generally before a specific study of Acts 9:23-31. Luke Timothy Johnson says
the Pauline passages give substantial support to Luke’s basic historicity (Johnson,
<i>Acts, </i>173), but there are a number of differences. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The following lists
below, based on lists found in Luke Timothy Johnson’s work, offer the historical
similarities and differences between this section of Acts and Paul’s letters (Johnson,
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts, </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">173-74). These lists are helpful for seeing what Johnson means when he
speaks of “basic historicity.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">These are the agreements
in historical reconstruction between Luke and Paul, followed by the relevant
passages:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Paul’s <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>experience of the risen
Lord took place in or near Damascus (Acts 9:1-9; Gal 1:17);</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Paul had a ministry after his call, either in Damascus (Acts
9:20-25)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or in Arabia and then Damascus
(Gal 1:17);</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Pauls’ life was threatened in Damascus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>and he escaped in a basket lowered down through the city wall (Acts
9:25; 2 Cor 11:32-33);</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Paul visited the Jerusalem Church early in his ministry (Acts 9:26; Gal
1:21);</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Paul met with some apostles in Jerusalem (Acts 9:27; Gal 1:19);</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">vi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Barnabas was Paul’s companion for a meeting in Jerusalem (Acts 9:27;
Gal 2:1);</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">vii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">After his first trip to Jerusalem Paul went home to Cilicia (Tarsus is
located in Cilicia) as a missionary (Acts 9:30; Gal 1:21).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The following are
the disagreements in historical reconstruction between Luke and Paul: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Paul gives a period of three years between his ministry in Arabia and
Damascus and his first trip to Jerusalem, but Acts assumes a shorter period
(Gal 1:17-18; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Acts 9:23);</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Paul says he was opposed by an </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ethnarch</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> of King Aretas,
but Luke says it was a Jewish plot (2 Cor 11:32; Acts 9:23-24);</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Paul says he only saw Cephas and James on his first visit, whereas Luke
says he saw “the apostles” (Gal 1:19-20; Acts 9:27);</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Paul does not give time or space for a ministry in Jerusalem on his
first visit as a disciple of Jesus, only that he stayed with Cephas for “fifteen
days,” but Luke stresses Paul’s evangelization and gives it as the reason he was
forced to leave Jerusalem <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Gal 1:18 ;
Acts 9:28-29);</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Paul has Barnabas as his travel companion not on the first visit, which
Luke mentions as a key factor in Paul’s stay, but much later (“t</span><span class="text">hen after fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas,
taking Titus along with me”) (Acts 9:27; Gal 2:1). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Johnson does not
want to focus too much on the differences, allowing each author “his sincerity,”
but history is not just a matter of sincerity but careful evaluation and reconstruction.
On the other hand, if he means by “sincerity” that each author attempted to
tell the historical truth, as he knew and understood the facts and data, naturally
this is granted. But theology impinges on how historical reconstruction takes
place and Luke, who was not present for the events he describes, is especially
interested in “showing how the Gospel moved out into the Gentile world in
continuity with the restored people of God in Jerusalem” (Johnson, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts, </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">174). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Luke’s goal of
tracking the movement of the Gospel into the Gentile world makes better sense
of many of the differences with Paul’s narratives, as Luke strives to present
greater continuity and less friction and personal separation among the earliest
Christians. My basic tendency (or bias) where Luke and Paul disagree on incidents
in Paul’s life is to trust Paul on the details in his own life, but this cannot
be a hard and fast historical rule either. People have a way of forgetting
events, exaggerating them, or confusing people and things, even in their own
experience. Historical veracity must be tested in each case.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The account begins
with “the Jews” plotting to kill Saul, “but their plot became known to Saul”
(Acts 9:23-24). In some ways, these first verses reveal the most profound
difference with Paul’s letters. In 2 Corinthians 11: 32 Paul attributes his
trouble in Damascus to an </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ethnarch</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> of the Nabatean King Aretas not the Jews
(Gary Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 217; Johnson, <i>Acts, </i>171-2). On this
question, Paul is more trustworthy, which is not to say that some Jews were not
opposed to Paul and the early Christians, but that Paul probably would not have
been reticent to note who his persecutors were. After all, in 2 Corinthians 11:24
Paul states that he received from the Jews on five occasions the forty lashes minus
one; Paul would not shy away from naming the source of the plot if it were
Jewish. Paul was also a persecutor of the Church so he would have no qualms
mentioning other Jewish persecutors of the Church. Here I trust that Paul knew
the source of the plot better than Luke. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The word for plot (<i>epiboulê</i></span>)<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> might also be translated as “scheme.” I am
not certain which word is better in this instance. Plot seems to indicate a
more formal plan, while scheme suggests an idea, perhaps not thought through entirely.
On the other hand, since Luke says “they were watching the gates day and night
so that they might kill him” (Acts 9:24), that might suggest a formal plan. Johnson
notes that the verb </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">aratêreô</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, “keeping watch,” used in this verse is also found in Luke’s Gospel (6:7,
14:1, 20:20) for hostile attention directed at Jesus (Johnson, <i>Acts, </i>171),
which also suggests, at least for Luke, a well-considered plot. We are not
actually given a concrete reason for this plot, but it must be due to Saul’s
evangelizing (Acts 9:22). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Saul escapes this
threat when “his disciples took him by night and let him down through an
opening in the wall, lowering him in a basket” (Acts 9:25). 2 Corinthians 11:33,
“</span><span class="text">but I was let down in a basket through a window in the
wall, and escaped from his {King Aretas’} hands, is </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">“almost identical” (Johnson, <i>Acts, </i>172)
to Luke’s description. Clearly, this refers to the same event that Paul
describes. Johnson says that the use of “his disciples” to describe those who
aided Saul in escaping is odd, since it is Jesus who generally is described as
having disciples and the word has a formal sense, as we will see in the
following verse, for Christian believers (Johnson, <i>Acts, </i>172). Since
Paul does not use a description similar to this in his own accounting of the
daring rescue, it must just be an anomaly in Acts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">After Saul escaped
Damascus and “had come to Jerusalem, he attempted to join the disciples; and they
were all afraid of him, for they did not believe that he was a disciple” (Acts
9:26). This fear of Saul is quite rational if only a short time has passed
since Paul became a believer in Jesus, as we see in Acts, but Paul himself
reports in Galatians 1:17-18 that he went to Arabia first and not to Jerusalem
for three years after his conversion (Gary Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 218). After
three years it seems that Paul would have been well known to the Jerusalem
Church. Here Luke’s account might be closer to the historical reality. Could
Paul have forgotten an earlier visit or conflated two visits? Think back to two
visits to a major or favorite city of yours each at least fifteen years ago and
separated by three years. It might be possible to forget what took place on
which visit precisely, even if the events were momentous. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">In Acts, Barnabas
acts as Saul’s protector. “Barnabas took him, brought him to the apostles, and
described for them how on the road he had seen the Lord, who had spoken to him,
and how in Damascus he had spoken boldly in the name of Jesus” (Acts 9:27). Barnabas
acts as a mediator between Paul and the apostles, living up to his name says
Johnson as “son of consolation” (Acts 4:36; Johnson, <i>Acts, </i>172), but it
also points to a major difference with Paul’s account in Galatians. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">“The incident
provides a classic case of disagreement with Paul’s account in Gal. 1:17-19.
Paul takes an oath in support of his version that after his call he did not go
up to Jerusalem until three years had passed, and then spoke only to Cephas, seeing
‘none of the other apostles except James the Lord’s brother.’” (Johnson, <i>Acts,
</i>172)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Not only does Barnabas
seem to introduce Saul to all the apostles, but also Barnabas himself does not
appear in Galatians with Paul until fourteen years after these supposed events
(Galatians 2:1), yet in Acts it is Barnabas who is the major player on Saul’s
behalf. The Greek verb </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">epilabomenos</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> means that Barnabas “took hold of” or “took
possession of” or “took him by the hand.” We might think in English of Barnabas
“taking charge of” Saul or even “vouching for him.” This is not minor activity
on Barnabas’s part. Barnabas and Paul will become friends and co-workers and
fellow missionaries according to Acts 12:25, 13:2-50, 14:12-20, 15:2-39, and
Barnabas does appear in Paul’s letters, but Acts allows for the beginning of
this relationship at an earlier period in Paul’s Christian life and this seems historically
more plausible. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Saul’s arrival in
Jerusalem has him “speaking boldly in the name of the Lord. He spoke and argued
with the Hellenists; but they were attempting to kill him” (Acts 9:28-29).
There are a number of problems between Paul’s and account and that of Acts. Paul
says in Galatians 1:22 that he was unknown by face to the churches in Judea,
but this description of his preaching makes that very unlikely. Saul is said to
have gone “in and out among them in Jerusalem” which suggests numerous interactions.
On this account, he must have been known to the believers in Jerusalem. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Another major
question is the identification of the “Hellenists” in Acts 9:29. Both Gilbert
and Johnson identify them with the Hellenists found in Acts 6:1-6 (Gary
Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 218; Johnson, <i>Acts, </i>172), but they are clearly not
the same group. In Acts 6:1-6 we have Greek speaking Jews who are disciples of
Jesus, while in Acts 9:29 we have Greek speaking Jews who are opposed to
Christianity and are trying to kill Saul. The identical name of “Hellenists” is
confusing, but they cannot be the same group.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">We know, too, that
Saul must have been known to the Christians in Jerusalem and Judea because Luke
says that when they the other disciples of Jesus learned of another threat to
his life “they brought him down to Caesarea and sent him off to Tarsus” (Acts
9:30). The followers of Jesus have rallied around him. Another plot on Saul’s
life and another escape! Saul was “brought down” (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">katêgagon</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">), that is, taken
to the sea coast and sent by boat to Tarsus. In Galatians 1:21 Paul says he
travelled to the region of Syria and Cilicia, but we do not have to imagine that
this was on land. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">According to Galatians, Paul next went to Jerusalem only after
fourteen years (Galatians 2:1).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This short, but
action packed scenario, ends with a typical Lukan summary: “meanwhile the
church throughout Judea, Galilee, and Samaria had peace and was built up.
Living in the fear of the Lord and in the comfort of the Holy Spirit, it
increased in numbers” (Acts 9:31). This summary statement, which Luke gives on
regular occasions (Acts 2:41, 47; 5:12-16; 19:20), is intended to have the
reader (or listener) take pause and see the work that God is doing in the
Church, regardless of setbacks, threats, and dangers. Luke here uses the verb </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">oikodomoumenê</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, which can literally refer to the building of a house, or to figurative
building, such as growth of a person or a group, or spiritual and moral
building and growth. The verb is used eleven times in Luke and throughout Paul’s
letters (Page, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 141). The most important point however? It
is not just the Church in Judea that is being built, but the Church in Galilee
and Samaria too (not to mention Damascus). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Is Johnson correct
when he speaks of the “basic historicity” found in the Acts account of Paul’s
earliest ministry? I think he is; even with the differences and tensions, Saul’s
basic missionary activity from the beginning is clear. He is on his way to
being a force in the Church, not just someone people have heard of and feared,
but someone who becomes the major missionary force for the new community. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Next entry, Peter
goes to Lydda and Joppa and meets Tabitha.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I invite you to follow me on Twitter </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I encourage you to “Like” Biblejunkies on </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies"><i>Facebook</i></a><i>.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>This entry is cross-posted at </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="http://americamagazine.org/content/good-word/acts-apostles-online-commentary-27"><i>America
Magazine - The Good Word</i></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-14465065240331062522015-10-25T22:02:00.000-07:002015-12-17T13:57:44.174-08:00Acts of the Apostles Online Commentary (27)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is the twenty-seventh
entry in the Bible Junkies Online Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. This entry
deals with Saul coming to terms with his encounter with the Risen Lord. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For previous entries</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, please now go to the </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Complete Acts of the Apostle Commentary</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, where you can find links to each of the entries
updated after each new blog post.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. Contents:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">E) Preparation for the
Gentile Mission: the Conversions of Paul and Cornelius (9:1-12:25): Saul’s
Conversion (9:10-<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">22</span>):</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">10 Now there was a disciple
in Damascus named Ananias. The Lord said to him in a vision,
"Ananias." He answered, "Here I am, Lord." 11 The Lord said
to him, "Get up and go to the street called Straight, and at the house of
Judas look for a man of Tarsus named Saul. At this moment he is praying, 12 and
he has seen in a vision a man named Ananias come in and lay his hands on him so
that he might regain his sight." 13 But Ananias answered, "Lord, I
have heard from many about this man, how much evil he has done to your saints
in Jerusalem; 14 and here he has authority from the chief priests to bind all
who invoke your name." 15 But the Lord said to him, "Go, for he is an
instrument whom I have chosen to bring my name before Gentiles and kings and
before the people of Israel; 16 I myself will show him how much he must suffer
for the sake of my name." 17 So Ananias went and entered the house. He
laid his hands on Saul and said, "Brother Saul, the Lord Jesus, who
appeared to you on your way here, has sent me so that you may regain your sight
and be filled with the Holy Spirit." 18 And immediately something like
scales fell from his eyes, and his sight was restored. Then he got up and was
baptized, 19 and after taking some food, he regained his strength. For several
days he was with the disciples in Damascus, 20 and immediately he began to
proclaim Jesus in the synagogues, saying, "He is the Son of God." 21
All who heard him were amazed and said, "Is not this the man who made
havoc in Jerusalem among those who invoked this name? And has he not come here
for the purpose of bringing them bound before the chief priests?" 22 Saul
became increasingly more powerful and confounded the Jews who lived in Damascus
by proving that Jesus was the Messiah. </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span><a href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/nrsa/acts/9.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">NRSV</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Acts
does not indicate how Christianity arrived in Damascus, when it arrived, or how
many Christians were there. But as this scene opens, we are introduced to a
disciple of Jesus, Ananias. God speaks to Ananias in a vision, a process which
occurs regularly in Acts (see 10:3,17,19; 16:9). Just as the call of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the double name, “Saul, Saul,” is indicative
of a theophany, so is Ananias’s “Here I am, Lord” in response to the vision he
receives, as found in a number of places in the Hebrew Bible (Genesis 22:1,
31:11, 46:2; Exodus 3:4) (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 216-17). The most significant
example might be 1 Samuel 3:4, 10 (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 164). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In
the vision, “the Lord” tells Ananias to “Get up and go to the street called
Straight, and at the house of Judas look for a man of Tarsus named Saul. At
this moment he is praying, and he has seen in a vision a man named Ananias come
in and lay his hands on him so that he might regain his sight” (Acts 9:11-12). </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDaN8u-lbH4"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">There is today a Straight Street in Damascus</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and there is no reason
to think that this is not the same (or near to the) street of Saul’s day. Indeed,
as in many ancient cities, streets often continue along the same path hundreds,
even thousands, of years later (Page, <i>Acts, </i>138). This detail “lends
local color” says Richard Dillon (Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>, 744), but Luke Timothy
Johnson says while the details lend veracity, they are also indicative of good
story telling (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 164). Although, if Saul had such a
religious experience, why not add the local color according to the traditions
passed down? There is no reason in a case like this to name a street that was
irrelevant to the story. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Other
“local color” or “veracity” is seen in the detail about Saul being from Tarsus,
a city of Cilicia in southwest Asia Minor, today in Turkey, and then the
capital of the Roman province of Cilicia. A number of Stoic philosophers came
from the school of philosophy in Tarsus (Page, <i>Acts, </i>138-39). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ananias
is told that Saul will be expecting him, and then Luke indicates another vision
Saul has had. Luke Timothy Johnson makes a fascinating point: although Saul is
cast as an oppressor in Acts 8-9, he is open to God’s call with the first
revelatory experience and with another vision (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 164).
Saul, it seems, simply needed direction on the straight path; he has always
been open to God. The “laying on of hands” which Ananias is instructed to
perform is a means of choosing someone for a divine task (as well as healing).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ananias
will push back at the Lord’s request, saying, “Lord, I have heard from many
about this man, how much evil he has done to your saints in Jerusalem; and here
he has authority from the chief priests to bind all who invoke your name” (Acts
9:13-14). Dillon believes that verses 13-16 are inserted by Luke in an account
that originally went directly from an obedient listening Ananias in verse 12 to
Ananias carrying out God’s command in verse 17. Dillon sees verses 13-16 as Lucan
insertions or a “a redactional enlargement” of the story, but believes that
Acts 9:15-16 are especially important because they lay out Paul’s election as
apostle to the Gentiles, the heart of Acts of the Apostles, especially the
second half of the text (Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>, 744). Dillon does not seem to be
suggesting that these verses are entirely Luke’s creation, but emerge perhaps
from another source. It is important to keep in mind, though, that Paul in his
letters would see his experience of the Risen Lord as his commission and that Ananias
would be right to be properly scared of Saul. It seems reasonable. Ananias’s
fear does fit, of course, with others like Abraham and Moses, who in their fear
speak to God and dispute their own call or election. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The
overarching actor here is God, who is directing Ananias and Saul’s healing (see
Luke 4:40, 13:11-13). A couple of other points should be made, though, before
moving on. The followers of Jesus for the first time in Acts are called saints
(<i>hagiois</i>) or “holy ones” (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 164). This is intended
to include all disciples of Jesus. Also, Saul is said to have e<i>xousia</i>, or
“authority” from the chief priests, the first time his actions are given this official
power. Finally, the phrase “all who invoke your name” is linked to </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2014/11/acts-of-apostles-online-commentary-5.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Acts 2:21</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, where it is said “all
who call on the name of the Lord will be saved” (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 164).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ananias’
protests lead to “the Lord” instructing him, saying “Go, for he is an
instrument whom I have chosen to bring my name before Gentiles and kings and
before the people of Israel; I myself will show him how much he must suffer for
the sake of my name” (Acts 9:15-16).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Johnson says that the literal translation of Saul’s chosenness here is “a
vessel of election for me” (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 165). Saul is being sent to
the Gentiles (<i>ethnê</i>), kings and Israel, that is, it seems to everyone,
though Luke will concentrate on the call to the Gentiles in Acts, even if not
exclusively as we will soon see. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Saul’s
mission is laid out before Ananias and us readers in these two verses. Just as Jesus
also directs his disciples in Matthew 10:18, 28:19 and Mark 13:9-10 to expect
persecution, so the persecutor is warned what will come his way now as a
disciple. As in Luke 21:12-19 and Mark 10:42-45, for example, the key element
is a combination of suffering and service and persevering in these tasks, as it
was for Jesus also (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 165).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ananias
fulfills his task: “He laid his hands on Saul and said, ‘Brother Saul, the Lord
Jesus, who appeared to you on your way here, has sent me so that you may regain
your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit’” (Acts 9:17). Note that the
laying on of hands both physically heals Saul and fills him with the Holy
Spirit. (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 165). As often in Acts, the Holy Spirit comes
even before baptism. Calling him “brother” means he has been accepted as a member
of the disciples; whatever concerns Ananias had previously, Saul is now one of
the family. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">When
Ananias laid hands on Saul “immediately something like scales fell from his
eyes, and his sight was restored. Then he got up and was baptized” (Acts 9:18).
Does Luke intend the scales metaphorically or literally? Johnson says
metaphorically, but I am not certain. I wonder if both are intended; after all,
Saul really cannot see according to Luke (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 165). Scales
are also found in Tobit 3:17 (“So Raphael was sent to heal both of them: Tobit,
by removing the white films from his eyes, so that he might see God's light
with his eyes; and Sarah, daughter of Raguel, by giving her in marriage to
Tobias son of Tobit, and by setting her free from the wicked demon Asmodeus”)
and in Tobit 11:13. Actual scales (or something like them) seem to be intended.
Only then is Saul baptized, and by this point he is already a brother.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Now
Saul eats “some food” and “for several days he was with the disciples in
Damascus” (Acts 9:19). In Acts 9:8-9, </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/10/acts-of-apostles-online-commentary-26.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Saul does not eat</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, displaying fasting
which is often associated with visions, religious piety, and spiritual
transformation, but now Saul must eat to regain his physical strength. We are
given no details, but he also spends some time with the disciples of Jesus in Damascus,
vouched for one would suspect by Ananias. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">This
time in Damascus does not seem to align perfectly with Paul’s claims in
Galatians 1:15-18:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">15
But when God, who had set me apart before I was born and called me through his
grace, was pleased <b>16</b> to reveal his Son to me, so that I might proclaim
him among the Gentiles, I did not confer with any human being, <b>17</b> nor
did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were already apostles before me, but I
went away at once into Arabia, and afterwards I returned to Damascus. <b>18</b>
Then after three years I did go up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas and stayed with
him fifteen days; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">It
is not clear how much weight should be put on either account to have all of the
historical details of a momentous series of events. It is true that Saul’s time
with Ananias does not make sense of “I did not confer with any human being,”
but Paul might be intending only apostles in Galatians. As to the other
travels, we will take those up in the next entry. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">After
Saul’s’ baptism, “immediately he began to proclaim Jesus in the synagogues,
saying, ‘He is the Son of God’” (Acts 9:20). Saul the persecutor becomes
quickly a missionary for the Way instead of a persecutor of the Way. Luke tells
us that, “all who heard him were amazed and said, ‘Is not this the man who made
havoc in Jerusalem among those who invoked this name? And has he not come here
for the purpose of bringing them bound before the chief priests?’” (Acts 9:21).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">People,
naturally, were confused, or amazed, given that Saul came to arrest disciples
of Jesus and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>now he was convinced by the
same claims that led him to persecute the Way. Saul is described as “the man
who made havoc” (<i>ho porthêras</i>), a military word according to Page (Page,
<i>Acts, </i>140). Even more significantly it is related to a word Paul uses in
Galatians 1:13, <i>eporthoun</i>, where the phrase with this verb is translated
“{I was} trying to destroy it {the Church}.”<i> </i>This verb <i>porthêo</i> is
not found in the LXX except to describe Antiochus Epiphanes’ violence against
Jerusalem in 4 Maccabees 4:23 and 14:4, indeed a military setting (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>,
171). It is a powerful word for Saul’s activities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">But,
says Luke, “Saul became increasingly more powerful and confounded the Jews who
lived in Damascus by proving that Jesus was the Messiah” (Acts 9:22). Saul
became “more powerful,” and the Greek verb is <i>endynamoô</i>, which<i> </i>might
refer to the Spirit filling Saul (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 171). His “power” must
refer to his oratory or debating skills, for the Greek verbs used later in this
verse, s<i>ynchynô </i>(“confuse”) and<i> symbibazô </i>(“demonstrate” or “teach”),
indicate only his skill in argumentation (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 171) not political
or community power. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">At
the heart of Saul’s teaching is that Jesus was the Messiah. Gary Gilbert notes
that the proclamation of Jesus as Messiah often “provokes opposition among
Jews,” though of course, Saul and supposedly those who follow him in Damascus
are all Jews too (see: Acts 17:3-5; 18:5-6; 28; Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 216-17).
In fact this is the first time Luke uses <i>Ioudaios </i>as a group separate
from the followers of Jesus (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 171). Luke is beginning to
present “Jews” and the followers of Jesus as separate groups. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Next entry, Saul escapes
Damascus and goes to Jerusalem, Caesarea and Tarsus.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I invite you to follow me on Twitter </span></i><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">@Biblejunkies</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This entry is cross-posted at </span></i><a href="http://americamagazine.org/content/good-word/acts-apostles-online-commentary-27"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">America Magazine - The Good Word</span></i></a></div>
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Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-7998863365712179502015-10-16T21:19:00.000-07:002015-10-16T21:21:02.048-07:00Gospel of Mark Commentary 40% Off at Smashwords<a href="https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/574265"><span class="_5yl5" data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0.$text0/=1$text4/=010">My Gospel of Mark commentary is available as an eBook at </span></span></span></a><span class="_5yl5" data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0.$text0/=1$text4/=010"><span class="_5yl5" data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0.$text0/=1$text4/=010"><a href="https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/574265">Smashwords</a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="_5yl5" data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0.$text0/=1$text4/=010"><span class="_5yl5" data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0.$text0/=1$text4/=010"><span class="_5yl5" data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0.$text0/=1$text4/=010"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span class="_5yl5" data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0.$text0/=1$text4/=010"><span class="_5yl5" data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0.$text0/=1$text4/=010"><span class="_5yl5" data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0.$text0/=1$text4/=010">For a limited time, until November 16, 2015, it will be </span></span></span></span></span></span>offered at 40% off the regular price </span></span></span><span class="_5yl5" data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0.$text0/=1$text4/=010"><span class="_5yl5" data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0"><span data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0.$text0/=1$text4/=010">of $4.99, so the cost to you is only </span></span></span>$2.99. You can take advantage of this special offer by using the coupon code <b>QV46V </b>to receive $2.00 off the list price. Available formats are epub, mobi (Kindle), pdf, rtf, lrf, pdb, txt, and html. <a href="https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/574265">Click here for the direct link</a>. Please, feel free to pass the coupon code to others!</span></span></span><br />
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Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
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<a data-reactid=".53.1.$mg=2mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.2.$mid=11445028537182=2b2fb11cc466d463c52.0.0.0.0.0.0.$range0/=10" href="https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/574265" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a>Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-7135036730789448382015-10-09T09:40:00.001-07:002015-10-09T09:46:47.008-07:00Acts of the Apostles Online Commentary (26)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is the twenty-sixth
entry in the Bible Junkies Online Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. This entry
deals with the beginning of Saul’s conversion experience. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For previous entries</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, please now go to the </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Complete Acts of the Apostle Commentary</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, where you can find links to each of the
entries updated after each new blog post.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. Contents:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">E) Preparation for
the Gentile Mission: the Conversions of Paul and Cornelius (9:1-12:25): Saul’s
Conversion (9:1-9):</span></div>
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<b><i>1</i></b><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Meanwhile
Saul, still breathing threats and murder against the disciples of the Lord,
went to the high priest <b>2</b> and asked him for letters to the synagogues at
Damascus, so that if he found any who belonged to the Way, men or women, he
might bring them bound to Jerusalem. <b>3</b> Now as he was going along and
approaching Damascus, suddenly a light from heaven flashed around him. <b>4</b>
He fell to the ground and heard a voice saying to him, "Saul, Saul, why do
you persecute me?" <b>5</b> He asked, "Who are you, Lord?" The
reply came, "I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting. <b>6</b> But get up and
enter the city, and you will be told what you are to do." <b>7</b> The men
who were traveling with him stood speechless because they heard the voice but
saw no one. <b>8</b> Saul got up from the ground, and though his eyes were
open, he could see nothing; so they led him by the hand and brought him into
Damascus. <b>9</b> For three days he was without sight, and neither ate nor
drank. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(<a href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/nrsa/acts/9.html">NRSV</a>)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">With the beginning of chapter 9, though it might not be apparent initially,
the focus of Acts is changing to Saul and the Gentile Mission. We will be told
later that Saul is also called Paul (Acts 13:9), but at this point we only know
that the one who was <a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/08/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html">earlier
persecuting the Christians</a> is on his way to continue this persecution in Damascus
when he has an experience of the risen Lord. Saul’s conversion is the classic
example of conversion in the Christian tradition, joined some centuries later
by that of St. Augustine, in which a religious experience brings a person into a
direct and overwhelming encounter with the divine.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><sup>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Saul at the beginning of this scene is on his way to Damascus to root
out any disciples of the Lord, or followers of “the Way” (<i>h</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ê</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> hodos</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">) Acts 9:2). As Gary Gilbert notes, this title
for the Christian community probably is derived from their understanding that
they are following “the divine appointed path” as seen in Deuteronomy 5:33,
10:12, 30:16, Isaiah 42:24, Zechariah 3:7 and in some Dead Sea Scrolls (CD
20.18 and 1QS 9.17-18) (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 216-17). Saul obviously does not
accept the disciples of the Lord as “the Way,” though we are not ever told
precisely why. Does he believe that Jesus is not the Messiah? That the
disciples of Jesus are blasphemers? That they do not follow the Torah, or Law
of Moses fully and properly? These are questions we ought to return to as we
continue on with our study of Acts, though it is possible that no definitive
answer is possible on the basis of Acts (or even when we bring in Paul’s own
letters). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">According to this account Saul’s authority is not personal, though, but
dependent upon the high priest, for he “went to the high priest and asked him
for letters to the synagogues at Damascus, so that if he found any who belonged
to the Way, men or women, he might bring them bound to Jerusalem” (Acts 9:1-2).
There is an underlying question, however, and that is what sort of judicial authority
the high priest would have to bring people from Damascus to Jerusalem. As Luke
Timothy Johnson, says, “It is not at all certain, historically, that the chief
priest had such powers of extradition” (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 162). On the
other hand, we do know of “letters of commendation” which Paul speaks of in his
own letters (2 Corinthians 3:1, Romans 16) and which are noted in 3 John also.
Saul certainly could have obtained letters, but the political situation in
Damascus and the relationship of the high priest to the political authorities
in Damascus and the synagogues there is not clear.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a>
Would Jews in Damascus have to honor the authority of the high priest in Jerusalem
if their political authorities did not? Or would Saul have acted extra-judicially?
Dillon states that “such authority of the high priest cannot be documented by
the witnesses usually cited” (Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>, 744).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">What is also unclear, since Luke chooses to give us no background
information, is how the disciples of the Lord spread to Damascus and how many
are there. This is a sign of how selective Luke is in sharing information that
does not fit with his own historical and literary agenda. He has used the
Ethiopian eunuch account and Philip’s foray into Samaria to give us the first
sense of the Gospel moving beyond Jerusalem and Judea (Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>,
743), but clearly “the Way” is already in Damascus. Who brought it there? When
did they? Luke evinces no curiosity regarding these questions.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">These historical, political and judicial questions quickly become moot,
though, in the light of Saul’s conversion experience. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Now as he was
going along and approaching Damascus, suddenly a light from heaven flashed
around him. <b>4</b> He fell to the ground and heard a voice saying to him,
"Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?" <b>5</b> He asked, "Who
are you, Lord?" The reply came, "I am Jesus, whom you are
persecuting. <b>6</b> But get up and enter the city, and you will be told what
you are to do." </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Unexpectedly, the persecutor “suddenly” experiences “a light from
heaven” (Acts 9:3). Johnson points out that “suddenly” (<i>exaiphnes</i>) also
appears in Luke 2:13 with the appearance of the heavenly choir and in Luke 9:39
when a boy is overcome by a spirit (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 162). There is an
immediacy to this word and usage which indicates on its own the spiritual
realm. But Saul does not just see a flashing light, he hears a voice saying, "Saul,
Saul, why do you persecute me?" (Acts 9:4). Gilbert says that common
elements of divine appearances in Judaism include flashing light (4 Maccabees
4:10), falling to the ground (Daniel 10:9; Ezekiel 1:28), double naming
(Genesis 22:11, 46:2, Exodus 3:4, 1 Samuel 3:4, 10) and divine commission (Genesis
12:1, 22:2), which Saul receives in Acts 9:6 (Gilbert, <i>JANT</i>, 216-17). </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The voice that Saul hears asks him, “Why do you persecute me?” (Acts
9:4). Theologically, this is a redolent question, for it indicates that
persecution of the disciples of the Lord is persecution of the Lord himself. If
we accept that Saul did indeed have this religious experience of the risen Lord
much as Luke describes it, we might see here the origin of Paul’s later
understanding of the church as body of Christ, since persecution of one is
persecution of the other. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Saul, though, does not know the voice and asks, “Who are you, Lord?” (Acts
9:5). There is a double meaning to Lord (<i>kyrios</i>), as it might simply be
a term of honor, such as “Sir,” or it could of course indicate God. Saul might
intend as a simple honorific initially, but when Jesus identifies himself (“I
am Jesus, whom you are persecuting”) and then commissions Saul (“But get up and
enter the city, and you will be told what you are to do"), along with all
of the other elements of divine manifestation present in this account, we are to
understand <i>kyrios</i> as indicating Jesus’ divinity.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a>
Dillon’s claim that Saul’s question indicates that the “dazzling light” was “nonrevelatory”
does not make sense of the evidence here (Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>, 744). The light
was not ordinary in Luke’s description but extraordinary, however one
interprets it. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">There are auditory and visual components to this experience, but “the
men who were traveling with him stood speechless because they heard the voice
but saw no one” (Acts 9:7). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the
religious encounter is expressed by means of physical senses, not all of the
elements of the sensory experience are available to those with Saul. They hear
it, but see no one. The fullness of it is a spiritual experience to which only
Saul has access. This encounter, however, will be described again in Acts
22:1-21 and 26:9-18 and it will be important to pay attention to how it is outlined
in these two occurrences also, for Luke himself will not be consistent in his
description of the experience or who sees and hears what. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In Acts 9:4, Saul “fell to the ground” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- not from a horse, even if Caravaggio’s
glorious painting has burned the image in our minds – <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the scene is coming to an end when “Saul
got up from the ground” (Acts 9:8). But “though his eyes were open, he could
see nothing,” an example of the link between spiritual and physical sight. Saul
is in a liminal state, still not clear about his encounter with Jesus and until
he gains spiritual sight, he will not have physical sight. His companions “led
him by the hand and brought him into Damascus” (Acts 9:8), no longer able to
persecute, his personal mission brought to an end; he arrives in Damascus not
with ferocity, but led like a child. He has been brought low in spirit and body
(Dillon, <i>NJBC</i>, 744). </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">“For three days he was without sight, and neither ate nor drank” (Acts
9:9). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paul is undergoing a kind of
spiritual death and the lack of food and drink indicates the liminality of his
experience, between the spiritual and the physical (Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 164).
When will he awake to new life? </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Next entry, Saul must
come to terms with his spiritual encounter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I invite you to follow me on Twitter </i><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I encourage you to “Like” Biblejunkies on </i><a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies"><i>Facebook</i></a><i>.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>This entry is cross-posted at </i><a href="http://americamagazine.org/content/good-word/acts-apostles-online-commentary-26"><i>America Magazine The Good Word</i></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Whether this experience is a “conversion” or a “call” has led to much
discussion in recent scholarship, much of it centered on whether Saul becomes a
“Christian” or remains a Jew who recognizes Jesus as the Lord and Messiah. It
is too complex for our purposes here to discuss this completely, though it is
obvious, I think, that Saul’s mode of behavior and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>living out of Judaism shift at some point,
which Paul himself in his letters attributes to an encounter with Jesus
(Galatians 1:12, 15-17). As a result, I feel comfortable using both terms. For
those wishing to check out some of the major works in this area, please see the
late Alan Segal’s <i>Paul the Convert: the Apostolate and Apostasy of Saul the
Pharisee</i> and Pamela Eisenbaum’s<i><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span>Paul
was not a Christian: the Real Message of a Misunderstood Apostle</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Page, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 136 cites a source, not
by name, stating, “By decrees of Julius Caesar and Augustus the high priest and
Sanhedrin at Jerusalem had jurisdiction over Jews resident in foreign cities.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ancient source for this is not named, however,
and I am aware of no such source. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Johnson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, believes that Saul “recognizes
that he is involved in a theophany” from the beginning (163).</div>
</div>
</div>
Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-73432656679378859162015-09-22T21:14:00.001-07:002015-09-22T21:22:32.587-07:00Acts of the Apostles Online Commentary (25)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is the twenty-fifth
entry in the Bible Junkies Online Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. This entry
deals with the Philip’s continuing his mission to Samaria and encountering a
marginalized person with respect to Israel, an Ethiopian eunuch. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For previous entries</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, please now go to the </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Complete Acts of the Apostle Commentary</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, where you can find links to each of the
entries updated after each new blog post.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. Contents:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">D)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Persecutions of the “Hellenist” Jewish
Christians and the First Mission outside of Jerusalem (6:1-8:40): Philip the
evangelist and an Ethiopian eunuch (8:26-40):</span></div>
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<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">26 Then an angel
of the Lord said to Philip, "Get up and go toward the south to the road
that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza." (This is a wilderness road.) 27 So
he got up and went. Now there was an Ethiopian eunuch, a court official of the
Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, in charge of her entire treasury. He had come
to Jerusalem to worship 28 and was returning home; seated in his chariot, he
was reading the prophet Isaiah. 29 Then the Spirit said to Philip, "Go
over to this chariot and join it." 30 So Philip ran up to it and heard him
reading the prophet Isaiah. He asked, "Do you understand what you are
reading?" 31 He replied, "How can I, unless someone guides me?"
And he invited Philip to get in and sit beside him. 32 Now the passage of the
scripture that he was reading was this: "Like a sheep he was led to the
slaughter, and like a lamb silent before its shearer, so he does not open his
mouth. 33 In his humiliation justice was denied him. Who can describe his
generation? For his life is taken away from the earth." 34 The eunuch
asked Philip, "About whom, may I ask you, does the prophet say this, about
himself or about someone else?" 35 Then Philip began to speak, and
starting with this scripture, he proclaimed to him the good news about Jesus. 36
As they were going along the road, they came to some water; and the eunuch
said, "Look, here is water! What is to prevent me from being
baptized?" 37 38 He commanded the chariot to stop, and both of them,
Philip and the eunuch, went down into the water, and Philip baptized him. 39 When
they came up out of the water, the Spirit of the Lord snatched Philip away; the
eunuch saw him no more, and went on his way rejoicing. 40 But Philip found
himself at Azotus, and as he was passing through the region, he proclaimed the
good news to all the towns until he came to Caesarea. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span><a href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/nrsa/acts/8.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">NRSV</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)</span></div>
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The last scene in the Samaria narrative, as well as the last
portion of Acts 8, finds the evangelist Philip continuing his successful missionary
activity which was interrupted by Peter and John in the previous scene. The
presence and power of the Holy Spirit is present at the beginning and at the
end of this scene. At the beginning of the scene it is actually “<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">an angel of the
Lord” who directs Philip, telling him to “Get up and go toward the south to the
road that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza” (Acts 8:26). At the end of the
scene the Spirit acts even more directly, as it “snatched Philip away” and he “found
himself at Azotus” (Acts 8:39-40), a distance difficult to determine with
precision, since we do not know exactly where Philip was, but a distance of many
miles or kilometers. We are, quite obviously, meant to understand Philip’s
travel away from Gaza as instantaneous and miraculous. Almost as miraculous, it
seems, is his encounter with an Ethiopian eunuch, whom he meets somewhere along
the road between Jerusalem and Gaza (Acts 8:26-28).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">There are a few things which need to be sorted out to understand the
eunuch and the significance of his presence in this account. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>He was “a court official of the
Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, in charge of her entire treasury. He had come
to Jerusalem to worship and was returning home; seated in his chariot, he was
reading the prophet Isaiah” (Acts 8:27-28). Among the things to sort out are
who is the Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, what did it mean that the eunuch
was “in charge of her entire treasury,” and why had he “come to Jerusalem to
worship” and “reading the prophet Isaiah” if he was not Jewish? But before
these questions are considered, what is a eunuch?</div>
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The most common type of eunuch in antiquity was a boy or man,
often slaves or prisoners of war, whose testicles had been crushed or whose
penis has been cut off. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oxford Biblical Studies</i>
online defines eunuchs<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>as “castrated
males abhorred by Jews (Josephus, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Apion</i>
2.270–71).” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are regulations
regarding such eunuchs in Deuteronomy 23:1, where it states that “no one whose
testicles are crushed or whose penis is cut off shall be admitted to the
assembly of the Lord,” that is, as proselytes among the people of Israel, and
in Leviticus 21:20, which bars such eunuchs from participation in Temple
rituals. These eunuchs could not participate in the life of the Jewish
community due to the injuries imposed on them.</div>
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Jesus also describes another class of “eunuchs who have been
so from birth” (Mt 19:11-12).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a>
Born eunuchs are also discussed in Mishnah Yebamoth 8:6 in the context of
marriage and whether a born eunuch (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saris</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chamah</i>), literally a “sun eunuch,”
can marry.</div>
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If a priest were a born eunuch (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saris</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chamah</i>) and he
married the daughter of an Israelite, he renders her eligible to eat the
priest’s-due. R. Jose and R. Simon say, if an hermaphrodite (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">androgonos</i>) priest wed the daughter of
an Israelite, he endows her with the right to eat of priest’s-due. R. Judah
says, if one whose sex were indeterminate were operated on and was found to be
a male, he must not submit to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chalitzah </i>because
he is considered as a eunuch (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saris</i>).
An hermaphrodite (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">androgonos</i>) may
marry but he may not be married. R. Eliezer says, an hermaphrodite (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">androgonos</i>), one (a male) incurs because
of him the penalty of stoning as with a male.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></sup></span></sup></a></div>
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A born eunuch is one who has not developed sexually, for the
rabbis by the age of twenty, or one whose genitalia is both male and female (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">androgonos</i>). A born eunuch (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saris</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chamah</i>) could marry in some situations, since his issues are
developmental not the result of injury. And the born eunuch considered an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">androgonos</i> may marry a woman as a man,
but not be married as a female by another man.</div>
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The strong possibility is that the Ethiopian eunuch in Acts 8
is a castrated male and a slave, since these eunuchs were often made so in
order to serve in royal courts without suspicion of sexual infelicities (Johnson,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 155). Since the eunuch serves
the Candace, a royal title of Ethiopian queens, not a personal name, he might
have been made a eunuch, even as a boy, to serve in her court. Whether he was a
slave cannot be determined definitively, but eunuchs often were, and it was not
unusual for such a slave to have a high-ranking position in a royal court, such
as the chief of the treasury (Page, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>,
134). </div>
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As to why had he had “come to Jerusalem to worship” and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was found “reading the prophet Isaiah” if he
was not Jewish is a fascinating question, whether an actual historical event is
described here or not (Johnson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>,
159), since the import of the scene is the opening up of the people of God to
all, even those previously excluded. As noted above, Leviticus 21:20 and
Deuteronomy 23:1 would exclude a eunuch from the people of God, even if he had
been born a Jew and later enslaved and castrated. Yet, there are also passages
in the Old Testament which look forward to a time of entry, both of Gentiles and
eunuchs, into the people of God (Johnson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>,
159). </div>
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As Gary Gilbert points out, Psalm 68:31 looked forward to
Ethiopia “reaching out to God” and more significantly for our purposes Isaiah
56:4-5 foresees a time when eunuchs would be included among the people of God <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Gilbert, “Acts” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">JANT</i>, 216): “<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4</span> For
thus says the Lord: To the eunuchs who keep my sabbaths, who choose the things
that please me and hold fast my covenant, 5 I will give, in my house and within
my walls, a monument and a name better than sons and daughters; I will give
them an everlasting name that shall not be cut off” The whole point of this
scene is that what was promised to the prophet Isaiah is now coming to pass in
the life of the Church. A Gentile and a eunuch is welcomed among God’s people. </div>
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The Spirit directed Philip to “Go over to this chariot and
join it” (Acts 8:29). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When Philip comes
to the Ethiopian eunuch he “heard him reading the prophet Isaiah. He asked, ‘Do
you understand what you are reading?’ He replied, ‘How can I, unless someone
guides me?’ And he invited Philip to get in and sit beside him” (Acts 8:30-31).
The scene progresses quickly, Philip and the eunuch being guided by the Spirit
and by Scripture. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The significance of Isaiah
56:4-5 is confirmed when we learn that the eunuch is actually reading another
passage from the prophet Isaiah. </div>
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Indeed, the eunuch is reading from Isaiah 53:7-8, the
suffering servant song: “Like a sheep he was led to the slaughter, and like a
lamb silent before its shearer, so he does not open his mouth. In his
humiliation justice was denied him. Who can describe his generation? For his
life is taken away from the earth” (Acts 8:32-33). The fact that the eunuch can
read and that he has a copy of Isaiah might be seen as odd, but it does
indicate both his wealth and his education as well as his interest. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We are told, after all, that “h<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">e had come to
Jerusalem to worship” (Acts 8:27), though he would not have been able to go to
the Temple, at least not licitly, and we do not know of what his worship consisted
or with whom, if anyone, he worshipped. </span></div>
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He has been studying Isaiah, however, because he wants to
know the identity of the suffering servant in Isaiah 52-53, a question
scholars, if not Christians, still debate today: “the eunuch asked Philip, ‘About
whom, may I ask you, does the prophet say this, about himself or about someone
else?’ Then Philip began to speak, and starting with this scripture, he
proclaimed to him the good news about Jesus” (Acts 8:34-35).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Isaiah 52-53 is the most significant prophetic
passage which was applied to Jesus and his passion for the early Christians and
it is the entrée for Philip’s evangelization.</div>
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For the early Christians, only they had the key for proper
exegesis of this passage, a belief maintained by other Jewish groups of the
time and frankly by many religious groups throughout the ages. “As Jesus on the
road to Emmaus opened the meaning of the Scripture concerning himself, so does
Philip on the road to Gaza open the text of Isaiah to the Ethiopian, showing
how it speaks of Jesus” (Johnson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>,
160). Clearly, Philip’s exegesis has convinced the eunuch, for when they arrive
at “some water” the eunuch wants to be baptized. He asks, “What is to prevent
me from being baptized?” (Acts 8:36) and instead of answering, Philip simply
baptizes him (Acts 8:36-38).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a>
The scene is presented so matter-of-factly when it is in fact momentous, even
earth-shattering, for the Christians. It is the first step to bringing Gentiles
into the Church and into, as they understand it, the people of God. Ricard
Dillon, in fact, understands this as an “account of the first Gentile
conversion, told in Hellenistic circles and rival to the Cornelius story (chap.
10)” (Dillon, “Acts,” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">NJBC</i>, 743).
Dillon believes that Luke has left the story vague as to whether the eunuch is
a Gentile to make certain not to distract from the Cornelius story which has
Peter, not the evangelist Philip, at the heart of the Gentile conversion (Dillon,
“Acts,” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">NJBC</i>, 743).</div>
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The story also indicates how rapidly such missionary
activity progresses, both in terms of witness, but also in terms of the actual
performance of the ritual. We will see this rapidity in evangelization throughout
the Gentile mission presented in Acts. Even allowing for literary license and historical
imprecision, this must reflect the practice of the earliest Christians. </div>
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The passage ends as abruptly as it began and with a miracle
performed directly by the Holy Spirit, who clearly has been directing all of
the events up to this point (Dillon, “Acts,” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">NJBC</i>, 743; Johnson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>,
151). “When they came up out of the water, the Spirit of the Lord snatched
Philip away; the eunuch saw him no more, and went on his way rejoicing. But
Philip found himself at Azotus, and as he was passing through the region, he
proclaimed the good news to all the towns until he came to Caesarea” (Acts
8:39-40).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The catechesis of the Ethiopian
eunuch has ended as quickly as it began; Philip has been spirited away, literally,
and finds himself miles away. The language of “caught up” reflects the
tradition of heavenly assumptions found in the biblical tradition, such as
Enoch in Genesis 5:24 and Elijah in 2 Kings 2:16. The eunuch, thank goodness, is
not troubled by this absence and rejoices. Philip just continues his
evangelization, he, too, untroubled by his heavenly journey. After all, in Acts
the Holy Spirit takes all of the initiative and here the initiative is direct. </div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Next entry, Saul is
blinded by the light.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I invite you to follow me on Twitter </i><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I encourage you to “Like” Biblejunkies on </i><a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies"><i>Facebook</i></a><i>.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
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<i>This entry is cross-posted at </i><a href="http://americamagazine.org/content/good-word/acts-apostles-online-commentary-25"><i>America Magazine The Good Word</i></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Jesus also describes a third class, “eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs
for the sake of the kingdom of heaven,” but this is not relevant for this
discussion.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Philip <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Blackman translation
from <i>Mishnayoth. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">New York:
Judaica Press, 1965.</span> </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Other ancient manuscripts add all or most of verse 37, “And Philip said, ‘If
you believe with all your heart, you may.’ And he replied, ‘I believe that
Jesus Christ is the Son of God.’”</div>
</div>
</div>
Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-92058974809257483382015-09-09T10:14:00.000-07:002015-09-09T10:19:40.966-07:00Kim Davis, the Bible, and Religious Freedom<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Kim Davis’s
convictions, like so much of religious thought in the USA, is a mish-mash of
American civil religion, the Bible, the constitution and the invocation of
freedom. One of the quotations which looms large biblically in the claim of
religious freedom for Christians is found in Acts 5. Peter and John have been
arrested and imprisoned on the Temple mount for preaching in Jesus’ name. Miraculously
freed from prison, they continue to teach in Jesus’ name. When they are
rearrested they appear once again before the council:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">26</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Then the captain went with the temple
police and brought them, but without violence, for they were afraid of being
stoned by the people. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">27</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> When they had brought them, they had them
stand before the council. The high priest questioned them, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">28</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> saying, "We gave you strict orders not
to teach in this name, yet here you have filled Jerusalem with your teaching
and you are determined to bring this man's blood on us." </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">29</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> But Peter and the apostles answered, “We
must obey God rather than any human authority.” (Acts 5:26-29) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This has been,
since the origins of Christianity, a significant issue: what to do when the
demands of civil law conflict with what are understood as divine commands or
prerogatives? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The depth of Kim Davis’
convictions can only be ultimately judged by God and her, but her willingness to
flout the civil law in order to maintain her religious convictions has a long and
noble history in Christianity. All of us would recognize, for instance, that
laws entrenching slavery were wrong and those who fought against these laws
were on the side of the angels, even when those laws had the strength and
support of government and civil law.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The big difference
between Kim Davis and many predecessors in these battles, including the early
Christians and including Peter and John in Acts 5, is that they were not tasked
with upholding governmental laws. Kim Davis is an elected member of the
government and it is her responsibility to follow the law. It is clear that if
she does not wish to follow the law, and cannot with a clear conscience or with
a religious exemption she can maintain, she should resign her position.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">It is not just the
earliest Christians, martyrs such as Felicity and Perpetua, Polycarp and
Ignatius, who were willing to stand up to laws which they could not follow, and
so die for their convictions, but even Christians today find themselves in
these positions, even if martyrdom is not usually the result in the USA. One of
the reasons you will not find an Old Order Mennonite or member of the Amish community
wrestling with their conscience as to whether to issue a license for a same-sex
marriage as a county clerk is that they long ago made the decision to opt out
of the governmental and electoral process to preserve their Christian
integrity, just as the earliest Christians did in the first three centuries. Believing
that there was to be a strict separation between state and church, they found the
simplest way to maintain that integral separation by choosing not to participate
in the political process or to seek elective office. While maintaining the
authority of the state, for instance to bear the sword (Romans 13:1-7),
Mennonites and the Amish see the focus of their community life to be the locus
of moral authority, punishment and reconciliation. As Paul writes in 1
Corinthians 5, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">9</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> I wrote to you in my letter not to
associate with sexually immoral persons— </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">10</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> not at all meaning the immoral of this
world, or the greedy and robbers, or idolaters, since you would then need to go
out of the world. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">11</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> But now I am writing to you not to associate
with anyone who bears the name of brother or sister who is sexually immoral or
greedy, or is an idolater, reviler, drunkard, or robber. Do not even eat with
such a one. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">12</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> For what have I to do with judging those
outside? Is it not those who are inside that you are to judge? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">13</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> God will judge those outside. “Drive out
the wicked person from among you.” (1 Corinthians 5:9-13)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Two key verses come
at the end with the focus on judging those “inside” the church, but not judging
those “outside” the church. The Church’s judgment and authority, therefore, is
an internal and not external matter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Although it seems a
radical position today, it was the position of the early Church prior to
Constantine. Most of us, however, certainly most Catholics, fit more into an
Augustinian, or post-Constantinian, position in which we participate in both the city of God and the
city of man in more formal ways, such as voting and seeking elective office.
Then, of course, the laws of the world impact us in different ways and call
upon us to engage in them in different ways. If Kim Davis has found a law which
she cannot enact, and cannot do so even with a religious exemption, then she
must heed her conscience and remove herself from that role. She must serve God
and not human beings. But she cannot stand in the way of these laws either as
an elected official. Religious integrity calls on her to heed her own
conscience, but not dictate the conscience of others. They too have the right
of their consciences.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Many commentators
have taken this position, including the biblical scholar <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2015/09/04/ted-cruz-is-wrong-kim-davis-is-not-the-first-christian-woman-jailed-for-taking-a-stand-and-she-should-resign/">Candida
Moss</a>, and I do believe it is the Christian position, because Kim Davis,
free of the burdens of her office, could then argue against the legislation if
she chooses or silently reject it. Her conscience is her own and she must honor
it.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Two others, however,
have claimed that there are ways around her resigning her position. Monsignor
Pope, <a href="http://www.ncregister.com/blog/msgr-pope/kim-davis-is-right-to-fight-this-despotic-and-shameful-law">writing
in the National Catholic Register</a>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>believes
that the law regarding same-sex marriage is not just an “unjust law,” but “despotic
and shameful abuse” and so worthy of civil disobedience by Kim Davis in her
position as county clerk (he cites </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CCC</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 1902-1903 in reaching this conclusion). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Elsewhere in his article he cites </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CCC</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 2242, which I quote directly from his article:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<i>“When citizens are under the oppression of a public
authority which oversteps its competence, they should still not refuse to give
or to do what is objectively demanded of them by the common good; but it is
legitimate for them to defend their own rights and those of their fellow
citizens against the abuse of this authority within the limits of the natural
law and the law of the gospel</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">.
(2242)</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">There are times
as well when Civil Disobedience is required of us. The Catechism says in the
same place: </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
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<i>The citizen is obliged in conscience not to follow the
directives of civil authorities when they are contrary to the demands of the
moral order, to the fundamental rights of persons or the teachings of the
Gospel. Refusing obedience to civil authorities, when their demands are
contrary to those of an upright conscience, finds its justification in the
distinction between serving God and serving the political community.
"Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the
things that are God’s." "We must obey God rather than men"</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">: (2242)”</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br />
There are two issues with his position, however, which I think still demand
that the result be that Kim Davis resign her position if a satisfactory religious
exemption cannot be found. First, the </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CCC</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> says that, <i>The
citizen is obliged in conscience not to follow the directives of civil
authorities when they are contrary to the demands of the moral order</i></span>,
but no one is obliged to marry a same sex partner. I need not follow that
directive of the civil authorities in any way if I choose not to do so. Peter
and John chose not to follow the directives of the Sanhedrin. If, however, I am
a member of that civil authority and am bound by my job or position to follow a
directive contrary to the moral order or natural law, the path of resignation offers
itself as the best case scenario. It does not rule out civil disobedience;
resignation is a form of civil disobedience. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Second, there is a question, it seems to me, as to whether
the civil authorities have overstepped their competence here, but if they have,
<i>when citizens are under the oppression of a public authority which oversteps
its competence, they should still not refuse to give or to do what is
objectively demanded of them by the common good</i>. What is the common good in
this case for Kim Davis or the citizens of Rowan County? Is it to hold back
marriage licenses from the citizens or to perform the duty for which she was
elected?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Eugene Volokh, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/09/04/when-does-your-religion-legally-excuse-you-from-doing-part-of-your-job/">writing
in the Washington Post</a>, takes on the particularly American legal and
constitutional aspects of Kim Davis’ case, apart from the Christian theological
aspects. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He notes that “sincere
religious objections can indeed legally excuse you from doing part of your job
— if the employer can exempt you without undue cost to itself, its other
employees, or its clients (recognizing that <i>some</i> cost is inevitable with
any exemption request).” He then applies this legal reality to what he calls “the
Kim Davis controversy.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The first point he
makes is that “Title VII,” which allows for religious exemptions, “expressly <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/2000e">excludes elected
officials</a>.” That indicates a different sort of reality for governmental
officials. He goes on to add, though, that “Kentucky, like about 20 other
states, has a state Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) statute that
requires government agencies to exempt religious objectors from generally
applicable laws, unless denying the exemption is the least restrictive means of
serving a compelling government interest.” This is certainly beyond my
competence or knowledge as a biblical scholar, but Volokh mentions that such an
exemption is what Kim Davis is seeking. He has updates about these exemptions which
have allowed Kim Davis to be released from jail as long as her office, in some
form or another, continues to issue marriage licenses for all who seek them
under the applicable civil laws, which means both heterosexual and same-sex
couples. “However,” Volokh writes, “whatever Davis thinks of the federal
judge’s order, she has to comply with it or risk being jailed again (as of this
update, she has just been released from jail), though she is of course free to
continue appealing the order.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">So, perhaps,
American civil law will allow her a way out of her religious predicament after
all, but if it does not, her next act if she desires to “obey God rather than
any human authority” (Acts 5:29) will be to follow the example of Peter and
John - in general obviously, not in particulars - who were flogged and then ordered
“not to speak in the name of Jesus” (Acts 5:40). Nevertheless, “the apostles
left the Sanhedrin, rejoicing because they had been counted worthy of suffering
disgrace for the Name. Day after day, in the temple courts and from house to
house, they never stopped teaching and proclaiming the good news that Jesus is
the Christ” (Acts 5:41-42). They did not, that is, join the Sanhedrin – not that
they could have done so – or attempt to change the order of the Sanhedrin, but focused
on their religious vocation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As both the
Gospels of Matthew and Luke say, “No one can serve two masters; for a slave
will either hate the one and love the other, or be devoted to the one and
despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth” (Matthew 6:24; cf. Luke
16:13). Sometimes conscience requires that if you cannot do your job you leave
your job, regardless of the cost.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I invite you to follow me on Twitter </i><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I encourage you to “Like” Biblejunkies on </i><a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies"><i>Facebook</i></a><i>.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>This entry is cross-posted at <a href="http://americamagazine.org/content/good-word/kim-davis-bible-and-religious-freedom">America Magazine The Good Word</a></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-91353918089729427412015-09-07T07:22:00.000-07:002015-09-07T07:23:27.400-07:00Do Read The Syllabus: My Thirteen (Excellent) Suggestions for College Freshmen<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container zemanta-img" style="float: right; margin-right: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cwsyllabus.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: clear:right;"><img alt="Syllabus Page, Student View" border="0" class="zemanta-img-inserted zemanta-img-configured" height="261" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/40/Cwsyllabus.png/350px-Cwsyllabus.png" style="border: none; font-size: 0.8em;" width="350" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption zemanta-img-attribution" style="text-align: center; width: 350px;">Syllabus Page, Student View (Photo credit: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cwsyllabus.png" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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My youngest son just moved onto campus this weekend beginning his university education. Some things you just have to experience and learn for yourself, like how to live away from home and how to manage your time, but the one area I knew I could give advice to him and other college freshman is how to prepare for courses and enjoy the course material. So I offer here my thirteen suggestions for enjoying and thriving in the college classroom:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Do read the syllabus. It is
the key to the course and professors are bound, basically like a contract, to
follow it. Before you contact a professor to ask a question, check the syllabus!
Knowing the syllabus will give you a sense of the flow and structure of the
course as well. If you know the syllabus, you will not only know what is due in
terms of projects and papers, and your readings, but you will have a better
sense of the course.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Do pay attention in class.
Distractions are even more profound today than they were in the past, due to
smartphones, tablets and computers. Paying attention benefits not only the
professor and the class, but most significantly, it benefits you. This is your
education. It is a great gift and opportunity. Enjoy it! Paying attention will
bring you to a greater love of the topic. This has an impact on grades, but
more significantly, again, on your education.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3 3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Do the reading. Even if you
have to skim it before class for 30 minutes, when you should have taken 2
hours, do it! Orienting yourself to the topic(s) to be covered puts you way
ahead of the game. It makes class more enjoyable and productive and, frankly,
saves time in studying down the road. It means the course does not “pile up” on
you. You begin to master the course material instead of it mastering you.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4 4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Go to class! Even if you
have not prepared, even if you have not done the reading, you will learn if you
go to class. It is always better to be there than be away, unless you are sick
or there is an emergency.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5 5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>If you must miss class,
which does happen for good reasons, never, ever ask, “Did I miss anything?”
This is the worst question ever to ask professors who are convinced, as I am,
that what happens in my class is the most important thing ever in the history
of education. Of course you missed something. Ask your professor what she/he
would prefer, namely, whether you should go and talk to them about what you
missed or whether you should get notes from a fellow student. Keep in mind
number 1, though, that is, what you missed is probably on the syllabus. Still,
in case something else was introduced in class, do ask your professor, “What <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">did I miss</i>?”</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6 6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Ask questions. When you
have questions, ask them. Professors love it. Unless you are that rare student
who asks 59 to 74 questions a class (with the majority of them covered in the
syllabus), professors love questions. It often leads to a deeper examination of
the topic under study and, trust me, it often opens up areas that your
professor had not himself/herself considered.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7 7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Respond to the professor’s
questions. If you have a response, offer it! Professors love it and hate to be
left hanging. If you are not certain what she/he asked, ask her/him to rephrase
it, to make it clearer.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8 8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Hand your work in on time.
I know this seems obvious, but you do not want to be the student who is always
making excuses. Everyone is busy, everyone has a lot on their plates, since you
have to do the work anyway, why not just get it in on time? How will you know
what is on time? Because of 1. and 2.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9 9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Go meet with your professor
to discuss the course. Set up a meeting to talk with your professor if there is
something about the course on your mind or you want to ask about some other
reading or how to prepare for a test or how to produce a good bibliography.
Take advantage of office hours or set up another time that works for you. Just
keep in mind 11. below.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>10. Go meet with the professor
if you are having trouble with anything or need clarity. If you are struggling,
do not suffer alone! Go talk to your professor, who might be able to help you
on her/his own or direct you to a tutor or writing center, etc. Your professors
are your professors outside of class time too.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1 11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Do not blow off a meeting
without letting your professor or advisor know. Put your meetings in your phone
or a planner or something, but do make them! If something has come up, let them
know as soon as you know. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1 12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Do not e-mail your
professor with, “heh,” “what’s up?” or the equivalent. Be professional. You do
not have to be overly formal, such as “Dear Professor” or “Dear Dr. Smith,”
though you can be for the first contact, but “Professor” or “Dr. Smith” at the
beginning of an e-mail is the best.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1 13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Enjoy your classes.
Knowledge is addictive. We all have some academic areas in which we struggle,
but there is always something fascinating to learn and to know more about.
Focus on the pleasure of learning. Grades will come when you concentrate on
learning.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
<br />
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<i>I invite you to follow me on Twitter </i><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
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<i>I encourage you to “Like” Biblejunkies on </i><a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies"><i>Facebook</i></a><i>.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
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<br />Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-5405781022279018602015-09-03T14:05:00.001-07:002015-09-13T20:15:16.701-07:00Gospel of Mark Bible Junkies Commentary: Now Available on Amazon as E-book<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Gospel-Mark-Junkies-Complete-Commentary-ebook/dp/B014U374DI/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1441312877&sr=1-3&keywords=martens+john+w">The Gospel of Mark Complete Online Bible Junkies Commentary is now available as an e-book for Kindle at amazon.com</a>! The book has been priced to download, at only $5.00. Please feel free to buy it and let people know of its availability. The book, naturally, is still available as a paperback at <a href="http://www.redmaplepress.ca/">Red Maple Press</a>, but if you would like to enjoy the commentary immediately, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Gospel-Mark-Junkies-Complete-Commentary-ebook/dp/B014U374DI/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1441312877&sr=1-3&keywords=martens+john+w">please do check it out</a>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5yofs2mzG1URYmuf0XbbiK5M87oyuXvvPy3y10rRaSWtF-rLmSalt9g9g98yjxWo39XXeSkOoSakvDX0cQt5qqpvxikI6vgs_W9R5Y09FiTYW5JOmjteqLK_TuEcKeWczDt6n-AapOXXJ/s1600/GospelofMark.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5yofs2mzG1URYmuf0XbbiK5M87oyuXvvPy3y10rRaSWtF-rLmSalt9g9g98yjxWo39XXeSkOoSakvDX0cQt5qqpvxikI6vgs_W9R5Y09FiTYW5JOmjteqLK_TuEcKeWczDt6n-AapOXXJ/s320/GospelofMark.png" width="213" /></a></div>
I encourage you also to review the book on Amazon if you enjoy it. It would be much appreciated. And feel free to let us know what you think here in the comments also.<br />
<br />
By the way, for those of you unable to afford either the Kindle or paperback versions, the Gospel of Mark Commentary is available on this website <a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2012/04/the-complete-gospel-of-mark-online.html">for free</a>. The content, with the exception of notes, Bibliography, and some additional end notes is the same. <br />
<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
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Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-16247733849195003702015-08-28T09:16:00.001-07:002015-08-28T09:22:04.827-07:00Acts of the Apostles Online Commentary (24)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is the twenty-fourth
entry in the Bible Junkies Online Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. This entry
deals with the apostles Peter and John taking up Philip’s mission to Samaria
and Simon the magician offering money for the Holy Spirit. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For previous entries</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, please now go to the </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Complete Acts of the Apostle Commentary</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, where you can find links to each of the
entries updated after each new blog post.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. Contents:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">D)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Persecutions of the “Hellenist” Jewish
Christians and the First Mission outside of Jerusalem (6:1-8:40): Mission to
Samaria and Simon the Magician (8:14-25):</span></div>
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<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">14 Now when the
apostles at Jerusalem heard that Samaria had accepted the word of God, they
sent Peter and John to them. 15 The two went down and prayed for them that they
might receive the Holy Spirit 16 (for as yet the Spirit had not come upon any
of them; they had only been baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus). 17 Then
Peter and John laid their hands on them, and they received the Holy Spirit. 18
Now when Simon saw that the Spirit was given through the laying on of the
apostles' hands, he offered them money, 19 saying, "Give me also this
power so that anyone on whom I lay my hands may receive the Holy Spirit."
20 But Peter said to him, "May your silver perish with you, because you
thought you could obtain God's gift with money! 21 You have no part or share in
this, for your heart is not right before God. 22 Repent therefore of this
wickedness of yours, and pray to the Lord that, if possible, the intent of your
heart may be forgiven you. 23 For I see that you are in the gall of bitterness
and the chains of wickedness." 24 Simon answered, "Pray for me to the
Lord, that nothing of what you have said may happen to me." 25 Now after
Peter and John had testified and spoken the word of the Lord, they returned to
Jerusalem, proclaiming the good news to many villages of the Samaritans.<b> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span><a href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/nrsa/acts/8.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">NRSV</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)</span></div>
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The narrative of the apostles Peter and John traveling to
Samaria in response to an oral report is intriguing at a number of levels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One level is textual, since the report
intrudes on what would otherwise be a constant narrative of Philip the
evangelist in chapter eight. The second is the seeming need, at least on Luke’s
part, to have the apostles come in to authorize what would seem to be a
successful mission by Philip. The third is the turn from Simon Magus as someone
who accepts the Gospel openly with Philip to someone who wants to buy the power
of the Holy Spirit.</div>
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The apostles come in where Philip has already trod, but as
is sometimes the case in Acts, baptism does not always imply the giving of the
Holy Spirit, just as sometimes in Acts, as we will see with Paul in chapter
nine and Cornelius and his family in chapter ten, the giving of the Holy Spirit
sometimes precedes baptism. As Holladay says Acts 2:38 seems to indicate that
baptism and the Holy Spirit go together, but it is not always the case in
practice (Holladay, “Acts,” 997). In the case of Samaria, Peter and John attend
it is implied because although the Samaritans “had accepted the word of God”
(Acts 8:14), they did not receive the Holy Spirit. Pervo calls this a “shock”
and wonders if this indicates that Philip’s baptisms were “defective” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 213). Are we intended to see this as
due to a fault or lack in Philip, however, which resulted in “defective”
baptisms which only apostles can rectify? </div>
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The text here does not say that directly, but it might be
assumed since the two apostles “prayed for them that they might receive the
Holy Spirit (for as yet the Spirit had not come upon any of them; they had only
been baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus) (Acts 8:15-16). Joseph Fitzmyer
notes that this detail of the text is “strange,” and Richard Dillon calls it an
“anomaly” (Dillon, “Acts,” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">NJBC</i>, 743),
but it connects to Luke’s view of the institutional church and the need for the
authority of the apostles to be present to confer the authority (Fitzmyer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 400-01). Carl Holladay describes
the scene as “apostolic authentication,” while Johnson refers to it as “continuity
of this new venture with the Church in Jerusalem” (Holladay, “Acts,” 997;
Johnson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 151). I would not say
that the baptisms were, therefore, “defective,” but that Luke finds it
essential to interject apostolic authority into the whole mission to verify its
authenticity.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the other hand, as we will see in the completion of Acts
8, the Spirit certainly seems active in Philip’s life and that of the Ethiopian
eunuch at his baptism. Nevertheless, it was only when “Peter and John laid
their hands on them” that “they received the Holy Spirit” (Acts 8:17).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is at this point, in the context of the activity of the
Holy Spirit “given through the laying on of the apostles' hands” (Acts 8:18) –
which activity we should probably understand as mimicking that of the ecstatic
behavior in Acts 2 – that Simon makes his request of the apostles for the Holy
Spirit by offering them money (Acts 8:18). Simon asks them to “Give me also
this power (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exousian</i>) so that anyone
on whom I lay my hands may receive the Holy Spirit” (Acts 8:19). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fact that Simon, when he was baptized, did
not try to buy miraculous power from Philip, who did show evidence of it in
Acts 8:13, indicates either that he saw more amazing things from the apostles
or sees them as the authority figures from whom he can obtain this authority,
which is the best translation of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exousia </i>(cf.
Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 214).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The fatal error here is Simon thinking that such authority
or power can be bought and are not freely given. Fitzmyer believes that Simon’s
misguided intentions might be based on the practice of buying priesthoods in
the pagan world, which often went to the highest bidder (Fitzmyer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 401). Pervo likens it to Luke 4:16
and Satan’s offer to Jesus, though, and think that Luke intends to indicate
that Simon “remains, at heart, a magician” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 214).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a>
Holladay also points out, however, that Simon might be misconstruing “the true
nature of the Spirit” by thinking that someone outside of the apostolic circle should
have access to it (Holladay, “Acts,” 998), but that does not seem to be the
major issue, since the apostles can indeed confer the Spirit on others. Money
is the issue here. Indeed, the term “simony,” the act of attempting to buy a
church office, emerges based on this act (Gilbert, “Acts” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">JANT</i>, 215-16). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Peter’s response to Simon’s offer makes clear the errors in
Simon’s thought and his intentions. Pervo calls Peter’s response “quite
vigorous and somewhat eloquent” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>,
214). Holladay makes the intriguing suggestion that Peter’s rebuke “takes the
form of a curse, ironically almost magical in form if not in effect” (Holladay,
“Acts,” 998). Peter’s rebuke is certainly direct when he responds to Simon’s
misguided request:</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“May your silver
perish with you, because you thought you could obtain God's gift with money! You
have no part or share in this, for your heart is not right before God. Repent
therefore of this wickedness of yours, and pray to the Lord that, if possible,
the intent of your heart may be forgiven you. For I see that you are in the
gall of bitterness and the chains of wickedness.” (Acts 8:20-23)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Peter indicates in his response that Simon’s “intent” of his
heart is misguided because he is in “the gall of bitterness and the chains of
wickedness.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Peter directs him to repent, <a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/acts-of-apostles-online-commentary-13.html">unlike
Ananias and Sapphira</a>, who also go astray because of money (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 215). And it does seem that Simon takes
advantage of his opportunity and repents, for he asks Peter, “Pray for me to
the Lord, that nothing of what you have said may happen to me” (Acts 8:24). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fitzmyer says in fact that Simon “learns his
lesson” and “the episode ends with his repentance” (Fitzmyer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 401). Holladay is less certain of
Simon’s repentance and Pervo says, echoing Holladay’s claim that Peter’s rebuke
has the character of a curse, that “since few, least of all magicians familiar
with such actions, wish to experience the effects of a curse, his disposition
remains unclear” (Holladay, “Acts,” 998, Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 215). Whatever the case, this is the last we hear of Simon (Magus)
in Acts of the Apostles, though he becomes a major figure in the heresiology of
the later Church.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His final intent does indeed seem to be
that of repentance, but nothing more is said of him, and Pervo takes the “open
ending” as a sign that he does not return to the church’s fold. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The narrative ends with Peter and John “proclaiming the good
news to many villages of the Samaritans” and then returning home to Jerusalem,
their work in Samaria accomplished by bringing apostolic authority into the
account of Simon Magus and, more significantly for Luke, bringing the Holy
Spirit. Fitzmyer argues that Luke’s intent is also to make an argument that
faith and baptism are not the only things necessary for salvation, but right
conduct is essential too (Fitzmyer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>,
401). I suppose that is possible, but it seems that the more obvious lesson is
that God’s grace is given freely to all those who believe not something that
has to be purchased. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What this passage also points to, however, as did Philip’s
previous activity in Samaria, is the movement of the Gospel not just beyond
Judea but beyond the Jews.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a>
The Samaritans are not Jews, but closely related. Are we to understand Simon as
a Samaritan? Or perhaps a pagan? The lines are being blurred as to whom the
Gospel can be taken and we will see in the next passage even more of a blurring
of these lines as to whom can respond and accept the Gospel message freely.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Next entry, Philip
the evangelist and an Ethiopian eunuch.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I invite you to follow me on Twitter </i><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I encourage you to “Like” Biblejunkies on </i><a href="https://www.facebook.com/BibleJunkies"><i>Facebook</i></a><i>.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>This entry is cross-posted at </i><a href="http://americamagazine.org/content/good-word/acts-apostles-online-commentary-24"><i>AmericaMagazine The Good Word</i></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a>
Johnson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 152 is by far the harshest
in his understanding of Luke’s portrayal of Simon as in thrall to the “demonic
realm,” indicated by money: “the use of possessions symbolizes the disposition of
the heart…that is the attitude of the demonic realm.” </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><sup>
</sup>Pervo notes that the “D- text” of Acts 8:24 reads: “”Simon replied to
them, ‘Will all of you please intercede with God […] that none of these evil things
you have mentioned will happen to me.’ He continued to weep ardently.” Here you
get a full-fledged scene of repentance. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See
Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 215.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1481287047690438662#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a>
By the way please see this terrific free online book (or e-book for download) called
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://marginalia.lareviewofbooks.org/jew-judean-forum/">Jew and Judean</a></i>
for a discussion of various scholars’ views regarding if “Jew” is the same as “Judean.”
This is a scholarly distinction that is quite important. I am a student of
Adele Reinhartz, however, and do follow her understanding of the distinction.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Bible Junkieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02741057277630747020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1481287047690438662.post-19790469108313353232015-08-18T16:07:00.000-07:002015-08-18T16:12:12.927-07:00Acts of the Apostles Online Commentary (23)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is the twenty-third
entry in the Bible Junkies Online Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. This entry
considers the beginning of the mission to Samaria and the introduction of Simon
the magician. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">For previous entries</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, please now go to the </span><a href="http://www.biblejunkies.com/2015/03/the-complete-acts-of-apostles.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Complete Acts of the Apostle Commentary</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, where you can find links to each of the
entries updated after each new blog post.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. Contents:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">D)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Persecutions of the “Hellenist” Jewish
Christians and the First Mission outside of Jerusalem (6:1-8:40): Mission to
Samaria and Simon the Magician (8:4-8:3):</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><i>4</i></b><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Now
those who were scattered went from place to place, proclaiming the word. <b>5</b>
Philip went down to the city of Samaria and proclaimed the Messiah to them. <b>6</b>
The crowds with one accord listened eagerly to what was said by Philip, hearing
and seeing the signs that he did, <b>7</b> for unclean spirits, crying with loud
shrieks, came out of many who were possessed; and many others who were
paralyzed or lame were cured. <b>8</b> So there was great joy in that city. <b>9</b>
Now a certain man named Simon had previously practiced magic in the city and
amazed the people of Samaria, saying that he was someone great. <b>10</b> All
of them, from the least to the greatest, listened to him eagerly, saying,
"This man is the power of God that is called Great." <b>11</b> And
they listened eagerly to him because for a long time he had amazed them with his
magic. <b>12</b> But when they believed Philip, who was proclaiming the good
news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized,
both men and women. <b>13</b> Even Simon himself believed. After being
baptized, he stayed constantly with Philip and was amazed when he saw the signs
and great miracles that took place. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(<a href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/nrsa/acts/8.html">NRSV</a>)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">This passage, which continues throughout Acts 8 in various
ways, introduces “a new phase…as the Gospel moves beyond Jerusalem” (Carl R.
Holladay, “Acts”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harper Collins Bible Commentary</i>, 997). The
major figure in this section is Philip “earlier introduced as ‘one of the seven’
(6:5), later identified as an ‘evangelist’ living in Caesarea (21:8)” (Holladay,
“Acts,” 997). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Richard Pervo notes that “judging
from the references to him (and to his daughters), Philip was an important
figure in early Christianity, as the relative prominence he receives in Acts
attests” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 205). And this
is a genuine prominence which Philip has in Acts since he is not an Apostle, and
many of the apostles have no role in the actual narrative. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Pervo wonders whether Luke has an actual source about Philip
or whether he has created this narrative himself. He writes, “Luke may have had
information about work in Samaria conducted by anonymous missionaries and
attributed this to Philip. He would then have created, in effect, ‘the Acts of Philip’
in chap. 8. In support of this view is the anonymous character of those who
began the Gentile mission in Antioch” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 203). Pervo, though, thinks it preferable to propose that
Luke had access to a source which described Philip’s missionary activity in
Samaria, since the Philip section of 8:4-40 does not “fit with his {Luke’s} overall
picture” in Acts and because “he must introduce apostles to ‘regularize’ the
activity” of Philip (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 203).
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this section, for instance, and later
in Acts 8, we notice that Peter follows after Philip and by so doing gives the
mission of Philip “validity.” I agree with Pervo that Luke had access to a
source regarding the missionary activity of Philip, for there would be no
reason to create and attribute such a source to an otherwise marginal figure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Samaritan mission, it must also be stressed, does have
an historical basis in Jesus’ own ministry since we find it in various forms in
Luke 9, 10 and 17 and in John 4. Luke, though, does not present the Samaritans
as the despised neighbors of the Jews. “If the narrator wishes Samaritans to be
viewed as Jews, albeit deviant, he does not say so. Samaria is simply a place,
with a city and villages” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>,
203). And yet it is hard to believe that Luke knows nothing of the liminal
status Samaritans had for Jews, neither Gentiles nor Jews. Part of his
presentation might be stressing by silence that all people are welcome to hear
the Gospel without restraint. As we will also see, Luke has another purpose,
for “Luke portrays, via the Samaritan mission, the distinction between belief
in Jesus and vulgar “magic” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>,
204).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Luke sets the entire scene by showing us that the Gospel went
to Samaria due to the prior persecution, writing, “now those who were scattered
went from place to place, proclaiming the word” (Acts 8:4). “The verse implies
that all of the refugees became evangelists,” but “this generalization exposes
the Lucan view of persecution as the motor that drives mission” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 205). Not only is this a Lucan
theme, however, but it does indeed indicate much of the spread of the Gospel in
the ancient Roman Empire, even if not all of it. There is a simple statement of
fact, which indicates that Philip “went down to the city of Samaria and
proclaimed the Messiah to them” (Acts 8:5). Simple and straightforward.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">A problem, not major but grammatical, is that Luke indicates
Samaria is a city and not a region. Carl Holladay says, “The ‘city of Samaria’
where he proclaimed Christ may have been either Sebaste or Shechem” (Holladay, “Acts<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,” </i>997). Pervo thinks that Luke might
actually have thought Samaria was a city, which is backed up by Acts 8:25 where
he describes only towns and villages elsewhere in Samaria. The real issue is
that in the broad schema “Samaria stands between ‘Judea and the ends of the
earth’” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 205). It is a
fascinating series of episodes in its own right, but Samaria is also a way to
get us to the center of the world: Rome. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Nevertheless, the Samaritans are not just a stopgap, but an
example of eager acceptance of the Gospel. Luke writes, “The crowds with one
accord listened eagerly to what was said by Philip, hearing and seeing the
signs that he did, for unclean spirits, crying with loud shrieks, came out of
many who were possessed; and many others who were paralyzed or lame were cured”
(Acts 8:6-7). Philip manifests the same power as do the apostles. Indeed, the “power
to exorcise unclean spirits…now extends beyond the apostles (Acts 5:16) to Philip,
as does the power to heal the lame…” (Holladay, “Acts,”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>997). Anyone proclaiming Christ’s message in Acts must show
evidence of this power. “The miracles (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">s</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">êmeia</i>)
were both a part of his message and confirmation of its validity.” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 205-06).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">We also find that the Samaritans respond to the message of Christ as
one. In Acts 7:57, just prior to this passage, the council </span>charges
Stephen “all together” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">homothymadon</i>),
which is a sign of their unity, as shown by a number of passages (<a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%202:46&version=NRSVCE&src=tools" target="_BLANK">Acts 2:46</a>, <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%204:24&version=NRSVCE&src=tools" target="_BLANK">4:24</a>, 5:12) and scholars (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 198; <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Johnson, <i>Acts</i>, 140</span>). Here in Acts 8:6, the crowds listen “all
together” or “with one accord” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">homothymadon</i>),
which is a sign of their eagerness, but also a subtle denunciation of the
Jewish authorities’ unwillingness to listen to Stephen. The Samaritans hear the
message in unity, while the council persecuted Stephen in unity. For Samaria,
it leads to a simple result: “So there was great joy in that city” (Acts 8:8). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">There seems to be no tension in this account, until we are introduced
to Simon, traditionally known as Simon Magus by the Church fathers. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But so much of this passage is understood in
light of what will come in Acts and in the later tradition. Initially, it seems
Simon is simply swayed by Philip’s words and deeds. Luke says of him, “Now a
certain man named Simon had previously practiced magic in the city and amazed
the people of Samaria, saying that he was someone great. All of them, from the
least to the greatest, listened to him eagerly, saying, ‘This man is the power
of God that is called Great.’ And they listened eagerly to him because for a
long time he had amazed them with his magic” (Acts 8:9-11).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Holladay says, for instance, that “This first encounter with
magic (cf. 13:6-12; 19:18-19) exemplifies both the gospel’s triumph over
popular religion and the corrupting power of greed” (Holladay, “Acts,” 997),
but truly there is no evidence of this in this passage. Where is the “corrupting
power of greed” here? It might be closer to the mark to say, “Philip proclaimed
Christ, whereas Simon proclaimed…Simon” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 205-06), but even that is not exactly apparent in this
initial encounter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">We read so much through the lens of what came later. “The
tradition that attributes to Simon the founding of a religious movement in
Samaria and traces his influence to Rome (Acts 8; Justin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1 Apol.</i> 26.1-3) may be historically valid. Everything else is open
to dispute” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 206). The
literature on this topic is immense and cannot be entered into here, but check
out Richard Pervo’s commentary for a short survey of the literature. He says of
Simon’s figure in the ancient Christian literature, “Simon had a strong impact,
and the efforts to degrade him indicate that he was a formidable rival of the
early Christian movement” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>,
207). Pervo sees Simon as more of a theologian than magician, partly on the
basis of the description of him as “the power of God that is called Great,”
which he says is a phrase “not characteristic of either magicians or those
described as charlatans” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>,
207). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But as Pervo says, everything
beyond the bare facts “is open to dispute” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 206).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">For instance, in Greek, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">magus
</i>could refer to an Iranian priest, or somone who had knowledge of the divine,
or “a practitioner of ‘magic,’” or “a deceiver or seducer” (see the
descriptions in full at Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 207).
In Matthew 2 what we know as the “wise men” are described with the term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">magus</i>, so it is not inherently a
negative term, even in an early Christian setting. The fact that Simon is
called a<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> magus</i> does not necessarily
mark him as a charlatan. Even more, the entire distinction between “magic” and “religion”
is a fraught one in the context of both ancient and modern study.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Yet, we must insist that at first “the narrator does not
characterize Simon as a false prophet or a blasphemer, nor does the text
suggest he is making a good living from his practice” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 209). He is called “the power of
God that is called Great” not by himself, but by his followers (Acts 8:10). But
he <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">is</i> called “the power of God” by
his followers and that is something reserved in early Christian thought not for
human beings, even those like Philip who performs miracles, but for God. So, it
will soon come to pass, that Simon, who awed unsuspecting Samaritans, will be
awed by Philip’s God. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">When the Samaritans “believed Philip, who was proclaiming
the good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were
baptized, both men and women. Even Simon himself believed. After being
baptized, he stayed constantly with Philip and was amazed when he saw the signs
and great miracles that took place” (Acts 8:12-13).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Simon is now “reduced to the status of a
convert” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 210) and
someone who spends all of his time in Philip’s presence. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">It is only now that we can ask: but there is already a fly
in the ointment? Why did Simon convert? Was it because of great miracles and
signs by Philip? Greater powers than he knew? “The narrative has described an implicit
competition in which the public tested the words of two teachers by their
respective deeds” (Pervo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acts</i>, 210-11).
Yet, it seems that Simon himself has acknowledged in that implicit competition
that his own power was found wanting and he has chosen Philip’s God as victor. There
is only a hint, at the most, though, of what is to come next.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Next entry, the Apostles
go to Samaria and more of Simon of Samaria.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">John W. Martens</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>I invite you to follow me on Twitter </i><a href="https://twitter.com/BibleJunkies"><i>@Biblejunkies</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>This entry is cross-posted at </i><a href="http://americamagazine.org/content/good-word/acts-apostles-online-commentary-23"><i>America Magazine The Good Word</i></a></span></div>
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